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Ítem Language performance and brain volumes, asymmetry, and cortical thickness in children born extremely preterm(Springer Nature, 2024-03) Kvanta, Hedvig; Bolk, Jenny; Broström, Lina; Nosko, Daniela; Fernández de Gamarra Oca, Lexuri; Padilla, Nelly; Ådén, UlrikaBackground: Children born preterm are more prone to have language difficulties. Few studies focus on children born extremely preterm (EPT) and the structural differences in language-related regions between these children and children born at term. Methods: Our study used T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to calculate the brain volumetry, brain asymmetry, and cortical thickness of language-related regions in 50 children born EPT and 37 term-born controls at 10 years of age. The language abilities of 41 of the children born EPT and 29 term-born controls were then assessed at 12 years of age, using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition and the Clinical Evaluations of Language Fundamentals, Fourth Edition. The differences between MRI parameters and their associations with language outcomes were compared in the two groups. Results: Brain volume and cortical thickness of language-related regions were reduced in children born EPT, but volumetric asymmetry was not different between children born EPT and at term. In children born EPT the brain volume was related to language outcomes, prior to adjustments for full-scale IQ. Conclusions: These findings expand our understanding of the structural correlates underlying impaired language performance in children born with EPT. Impact: The article expands understanding of the structure-function relationship between magnetic resonance imaging measurements of language-related regions and language outcomes for children born extremely preterm beyond infancy. Most literature to date has focused on very preterm children, but the focus in this paper is on extreme prematurity and language outcomes. While the brain volume and cortical thickness of language-related regions were reduced in children born EPT only the volume, prior to adjustment for full-scale IQ, was associated with language outcomes. We found no differences in volumetric asymmetry between children born EPT and at term.Ítem Maternal care and general cognitive functioning in moderate and late preterm-born children(Elsevier Ltd, 2022-10) Fernández de Gamarra Oca, Lexuri; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia; Loureiro González, Begoña; Sierra Ibarbia, Andrea; García Guerrero, Acebo; Peña Lasa, Javier; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa; Zubiaurre Elorza, LeireAim: To establish the neuropsychological profile in moderate and late preterm (MLPT) samples during childhood, and to assess the potential role of early life environmental factors in cognitive outcomes. Methods: One hundred-and-six children took part in this study, including 42 moderate preterm (Mage=11.57 years; Mdage: 12; SDage=1.77), 33 late preterm (Mage=12.21 years; Mdage: 12; SDage=0.78) and 31 full-term children (Mage=11.42 years; Mdage: 12; SDage=1.84). All participants underwent an environmental, emotional-behavioural, life satisfaction, functionality, resilience, and cognitive assessment. Results: Significant differences were found in several cognitive domains among groups. Further, the maternal care measure moderated the relationship between the degree of maturity/immaturity at birth and general cognitive functioning score (F(4,1014101)= 3.72, p = 0.007, R2 = 0.13). Conclusions: The findings showed different neuropsychological profiles during childhood, with the moderate preterm sample reporting lower values. Additionally, the appropriate level of maternal care measure used in this study seems to have had a protective effect on cognitive development.Ítem Long-term brain structural and cognitive outcomes in a low-risk preterm-born sample(Nature Research, 2024-12) Fernández de Gamarra Oca, Lexuri; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia; Ontañón Garcés , José María; Loureiro González, Begoña; Gómez-Gastiasoro, Ainara; Peña Lasa, Javier; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa; García Guerrero, Acebo; Zubiaurre Elorza, LeirePrematurity has been related to altered brain structure and cognition, and so our aim was to describe them in the absence of major structural brain injury following low-risk preterm birth during adolescence and young adulthood. The sample consisted of 250 participants, 132 of whom were low-risk preterm (30–36 weeks’ gestational age) and 118 were full-term individuals (37–42 weeks’ gestational age), aged between 16 and 38 years old. All participants underwent an extensive neuropsychological assessment. T1- and diffusion-weighted MRI images of 33 low-risk preterm and 31 full-term young adults (20–32 years old) were analyzed. No differences were found in terms of general cognitive functioning score or current socioeconomic status; however, the low-risk preterm group obtained lower scores in phonetic and semantic fluencies, and theory of mind. Significant reductions were identified in the thalamus volume as well as thicker cortex in the inferior temporal gyrus in the low-risk preterm group. Low-risk preterm young adults evidenced greater regional AD and MD compared to the full-term sample; while low-risk preterm group showed lower mean NDI and ODI (FWE-corrected, p < 0.05). Being born preterm is associated with poorer performance in various cognitive domains (i.e., phonetic and semantic fluencies, and theory of mind) later in life, along with differences in normative structural brain development in inferior temporal gyrus and regional white matter microstructure.Ítem Preterm birth and early life environmental factors: neuropsychological profiles at adolescence and young adulthood(Springer Nature, 2023-11) Fernández de Gamarra Oca, Lexuri; Zubiaurre Elorza, Leire; Gómez-Gastiasoro, Ainara; Molins Sauri, Marta; Loureiro González, Begoña; Peña Lasa, Javier; García Guerrero, Acebo; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa; Bruna i Rabassa, Olga; Junqué i Plaja, Carme; Macaya Ruiz, Alfons; Poca Pastor, Maria Antònia; Ojeda del Pozo, NataliaObjectives: To establish neuropsychological profiles after high- and low-risk preterm birth (i.e., with and without neonatal brain injury) during adolescence and young adulthood and to assess the potential role of early life environmental factors in cognition. Study design: Participants (N = 177; Mage = 20.11 years) of both sexes were evaluated when adolescent or in young adulthood. They were grouped according to their birth status: 30 high-risk preterm, 83 low-risk preterm and 64 born at full term. Results: Significant differences were found in several cognitive domains between groups. Furthermore, familial socioeconomic status (SES) moderated the relation between the degree of maturity/immaturity at birth and cognition (F (5,171) = 11.94, p < 0.001, R 2 = 0.26). Discussion: The findings showed different neuropsychological profiles during adolescence and young adulthood, with the high-risk preterm sample evidencing lower cognitive values. In addition, higher scores in the familial SES score in this study seem to have a protective effect on cognition.Ítem Hippocampal volumes and cognitive performance in children born extremely preterm with and without low-grade intraventricular haemorrhage(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023-06) Fernández de Gamarra Oca, Lexuri; Kvanta, Hedvig; Broström, Lina; Nosko, Daniela; Eklöf, E.; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia; Zubiaurre Elorza, Leire; Padilla, N.; Ådén, UlrikaChildren born extremely preterm, especially those with intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), are at increased risk of adverse cognitive outcomes during childhood. The present study aimed to explore the effects of IVH (grades I–II) on hippocampal volumes, and their correlates with cognitive performance. The sample consisted of 94 participants, including 54 children born extremely preterm (19 with IVH, grades I–II), and 40 children born at term. All participants underwent a magnetic resonance imaging study at the age of 10 (Mage = 10.20 years; SDage = 0.78), and 74 of them (45 extremely preterm and 29 full-term) carried out a cognitive assessment at 12 years old. Children born extremely preterm had lower scores in cognitive performance compared to their full-term peers. Significant positive partial correlations were observed between global bilateral hippocampus, left CA-field, and left subiculum volumes with processing speed in the full-term group, while no significant correlations were found in the extremely preterm group. Moderation analyses in the extremely preterm sample revealed that low-grade IVH moderated the relationship between right hippocampal volume and full-IQ (F(4,40) =5.42, p = 0.001, R2 = 0.35). Having greater right hippocampal volume had a protective effect on full-IQ in those children born extremely preterm with low-grade IVH.Ítem Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes after moderate and late preterm birth: a systematic review(Mosby Inc., 2021-10) Fernández de Gamarra Oca, Lexuri; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia; Gómez-Gastiasoro, Ainara; Peña Lasa, Javier; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa; García Guerrero, Acebo; Loureiro González, Begoña; Zubiaurre Elorza, LeireObjective: To systematically review and perform meta-analyses on the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of adults born moderate and late preterm (MLPT) in relation to cognitive functioning and psychiatric disorders. Study design: A search was conducted to identify any studies that involved prematurity in adulthood. From these studies, reports that included a group of MLPT adults and included description of cognitive and/or mental health domains (including specific long-term outcomes) were selected. Results: In total, 155 publications were identified, but only 16 papers met the inclusion criteria. A small effect size (g = 0.38) was found in MLPT to demonstrate poorer intellectual performance compared with those born at term. Moreover, MLPT adults exhibited greater odds for any psychiatric (OR 1.14), substance use (OR 1.16), mood (OR 1.06), and psychotic disorders (OR 1.40). Conclusions: Despite inconsistency due to the methodologic differences between the selected studies, MLPT showed minor long-term effects into adulthood. However, more studies are needed, because prematurity seems to confer some vulnerability to biological and environmental factors that enhance susceptibility to adverse neurodevelopment outcomes.Ítem Amygdala structure and function and its associations with social-emotional outcomes in a low-risk preterm sample(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024-03) Fernández de Gamarra Oca, Lexuri; Lucas Jiménez, Olaia; Ontañón Garcés , José María; Loureiro Gonzalez, Begoña; Peña Lasa, Javier; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa; García Guerrero, Acebo; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia; Zubiaurre Elorza, LeireAmygdala atypical volume development and functional connectivity (FC) at small gestational ages (GA) have been found across childhood. This adult-oriented study assesses whether altered amygdala structure and function is present following low-risk preterm birth. T1-weighted and resting-state functional MRI images of 33 low-risk preterm (30–36 weeks’ GA) and 29 full-term (37–42 weeks’ GA) young adults of both sexes, aged between 20 and 32 years old, were analyzed using FreeSurfer (v6.0.0) and Coon Toolbox (v21.a). The social-emotional assessment included Happé’s Strange Stories Test, the Moral Judgment Test, Delay-Discounting Test, Adult Self Report, and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. No differences were found in social-emotional outcomes or amygdala volumes between the groups. Low-risk preterm young adults showed increased FC between the left amygdala, right amygdala and medial frontal cortex (MedFC) (F = 9.89, p-FWE = 0.009) at cluster level compared to their full-term peers. However, significant results at connection level were not observed between left and right amygdala. Lastly, increased FC at cluster level between the right amygdala and MedFC, and left amygdala and MedFC, was related to better social-emotional outcomes only in low-risk preterm young adults (F = 6.60, p-FWE = 0.036) at cluster level. At connection level, in contrast, only right amygdala–MedFC increased FC was significantly associated with better social-emotional outcomes. This study reveals that low-risk prematurity does not have an effect on social-emotional outcomes or structural amygdala volumes during young adulthood. However, individuals who were considered to be at a lower risk of exhibiting neurodevelopmental alterations following preterm birth demonstrated increased FC between the left and right amygdala and MedFC.Ítem Reduced hippocampal subfield volumes and memory performance in preterm children with and without germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage(Nature Research, 2021-12) Fernández de Gamarra Oca, Lexuri; Zubiaurre Elorza, Leire; Junqué i Plaja, Carme; Solana, Elisabeth; Soria Pastor, Sara; Vázquez, Élida; Delgado, Ignacio; Macaya Ruiz, Alfons; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia; Poca Pastor, Maria AntòniaPreterm newborns with germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GM-IVH) are at a higher risk of evidencing neurodevelopmental alterations. Present study aimed to explore the long-term effects that GM-IVH have on hippocampal subfields, and their correlates with memory. The sample consisted of 58 participants, including 36 preterm-born (16 with GM-IVH and 20 without neonatal brain injury), and 22 full-term children aged between 6 and 15 years old. All participants underwent a cognitive assessment and magnetic resonance imaging study. GM-IVH children evidenced lower scores in Full Intelligence Quotient and memory measures compared to their low-risk preterm and full-term peers. High-risk preterm children with GM-IVH evidenced significantly lower total hippocampal volumes bilaterally and hippocampal subfield volumes compared to both low-risk preterm and full-term groups. Finally, significant positive correlations between memory and hippocampal subfield volumes were only found in preterm participants together; memory and the right CA-field correlation remained significant after Bonferroni correction was applied (p =.002). In conclusion, memory alterations and both global and regional volumetric reductions in the hippocampus were found to be specifically related to a preterm sample with GM-IVH. Nevertheless, results also suggest that prematurity per se has a long-lasting impact on the association between the right CA-field volume and memory during childhood.Ítem Los valores tradicionales como bienes jurídicos protegidos también en el ciberespacio: a propósito del confinamiento provocado por la crisis sanitaria del COVID-19(Tirant lo Blanch, 2021) López Gorostidi, JonÍtem Sobre el alcance de los fines de la pena en el fenómeno criminal de la ciberdelincuencia(Universidad de Chile, 2022-06) López Gorostidi, JonEn este estudio se lleva a cabo un análisis de uno de los elementos capitales del derecho penal: la pena. Más concretamente, se estudia la adecuación de las construcciones tradicionales sobre los fines de la pena en el ámbito del cibercrimen, un fenómeno con características criminológicas muy diferenciadas de la delincuencia tradicional. Para ello, tras una aproximación inicial a la delincuencia en el ciberespacio, se aborda el encaje de esta en los postulados fundamentales de cada una de las teorías de la pena por separado, con el fin de extraer conclusiones preliminares y peculiaridades propias de los ciberdelitos, siendo conscientes de que estas teorías aportan un parámetro crítico y no una solución inequívoca a la ejecución penal.Ítem Cardiac responses and load during training and competition in wheelchair-basketball players(Asociación Española de Ciencias del Deporte, 2024-12-31) Olasagasti Ibargoien, Jurgi; Bidaurrazaga Letona, Idaia; Gil Orozko, Susana MaríaThe quantification and monitoring of training is vital to improve performance and to avoid fatigue and injuries. Heart rate and perceived exertion have been widely used to monitor load in able-bodied sports; however, concerning sports for people with disabilities, similar reasearch is limited. Moreover, the characteristics of the disability may influence the results. The aim of this study was to compare cardiac responses and load in wheelchair-basketball (WCB) players during training and matches, and to ascertain these indicators’ relationship to players’ functional classification. Heart rate (HR) and peripheral and central rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded in a WCB team (n=15) during a season. Absolute and relative maximal and mean HR were calculated. Internal load was quantified using Edwards’ summated-heart-rate-zones method. To enable comparisons, players were divided into low- and high-class groups according to the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF) classification. Cardiac demand and load were higher in matches compared to training in both groups of players; however, RPE was only higher in high-class players. During training, low-class players displayed lower absolute maximal HR, but higher relative HR, than high-class players. The risk of underestimating the low absolute HR values of low-class players reinforces the value of relative HR values when monitoring load. On the other hand, for high-class players, coaches must ensure that they complete intense training, to generate the stimulus required for adaptations. For low-class players, RPE should be used with caution because it may not accurately reflect load and cardiac demand.Ítem The activation of the temporary protection directive 2001/55/EC for Ukrainian refugees: a demonstration of its uniqueness(Universidad de Cádiz, 2023) Abrisketa, JoanaThe response to the arrival of the Ukrainian population as a consequence of the Russian invasion breaks with the “deterrence paradigm” that has guided the EU’s asylum policies since the end of the Cold War. The flight from Ukraine of 650 000 displaced persons in a period of two weeks –from 24 February to 3 March 2022– led the Council of the EU to recognize “the existence of a mass influx into the Union of displaced persons who have had to leave Ukraine as a consequence of an armed conflict”2. The Council’s unanimous finding of the existence of a “mass influx” situation had never been made before. This article seeks to examine the unprecedented response of the EU through the analysis of the Council Implementing Decision (EU) 2022/382 of 4 March 2022. It concludes that although this is a significant response, it has not succeeded in altering in a general way the approach to the asylum system –far from the principle of solidarity– of the Member States.Ítem Job crafting and satisfaction with life: a mediation model through the meaning of work(Springer Nature, 2024-12-28) Amillano Solano, Alejandro; López de Letona Ibáñez, Onintze; Martínez Rodríguez, Silvia; Carrasco Zabaleta, MaríaOver the last decade, empirical evidence of the positive effect of job crafting on employee job satisfaction has grown. Following previous literature that recommends reorienting this line of research and considering the role of additional or intermediate variables to help explain its effects, the current study aimed to analyze how work meaning would explain the relationship between job crafting and satisfaction with life. Participants were 785 employees (50.2% women) with an average age of 41.41 years old. The Job Crafting Questionnaire (JCQ), the Work and Meaning Inventory (WAMI) and the Satisfaction with Life (SWL) were used as validated instruments for measuring variables of the study. After controlling for age, gender, weekly work hours, and length of service in the same company, a significant positive association of Job Crafting with Satisfaction with Life was found. Furthermore, mediation analysis using PROCESS revealed that Work Meaning mediated this relationship. The results of this study highlight the role of Job Crafting and Work Meaning, and in general the care for well-being at work, in the overall life satisfaction of working people.Ítem Gender and far-right women political representatives: a Twitter discourse network analysis(University of Southern California, Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, 2024) Berasategi, Miren; Pando Canteli, María J.; Rodríguez Pérez, María PilarMessages related to gender concepts as found in the Twitter (now X) accounts of Far-Right politicians Rocío Monasterio (Spain), Giorgia Meloni (Italy), and Marjorie Taylor Greene (the United States) are analyzed through a discourse network analysis case study to disclose the main thematic concepts and the level of recurrence and agreement among them. In a context in which Far-Right parties internationally have made gender and sexuality issues an integral component of their political agenda, this article investigates if it is possible to see the traces of a “political ecosystem” in which agreement on central issues related to gender are the focus of political discourses by these three leaders and if symbiotic relationships are displayed. The case study results show that their institutional positions heavily condition their messages. Meloni’s responsibility as prime minister shapes and restricts her communication profile; Monasterio and Taylor Greene concur in their condemnation of radical feminism, abortion, trans identity, and gender diversity to defend the hetero-patriarchal family and the purity of the country. The impact of these messages on international political agendas requires further study.Ítem PhrasIS: Phrase Inference and Similarity benchmark(Oxford University Press, 2024-12) López Gazpio, Íñigo; Gaviria de la Puerta, José; García, P.; Sanjurjo González, Hugo; Sanz, B.; Zarranz, A.; Maritxalar Anglada, Montse; Agirre, E.We present PhrasIS, a benchmark dataset composed of natural occurring Phrase pairs with Inference and Similarity annotations for the evaluation of semantic representations. The described dataset fills the gap between word and sentence-level datasets, allowing to evaluate compositional models at a finer granularity than sentences. Contrary to other datasets, the phrase pairs are extracted from naturally occurring text in image captions and news headlines. All the text fragments have been annotated by experts following a rigorous process also described in the manuscript achieving high inter annotator agreement. In this work we analyse the dataset, showing the relation between inference labels and similarity scores. With 10K phrase pairs split in development and test, the dataset is an excellent benchmark for testing meaning representation systems.Ítem Addendum: Local elliptic regularity for the Dirichlet fractional Laplacian(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2017) Biccari, Umberto; Warma, Mahamadi; Zuazua, EnriqueIn [1], for 1 < p < 1Ítem Local elliptic regularity for the Dirichlet fractional Laplacian(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2017) Biccari, Umberto; Warma, Mahamadi; Zuazua, EnriqueWe prove the Wloc2s,p local elliptic regularity of weak solutions to the Dirichlet problem associated with the fractional Laplacian on an arbitrary bounded open set of RN. The key tool consists in analyzing carefully the elliptic equation satisfied by the solution locally, after cut-off, to later employ sharp regularity results in the whole space. We do it by two different methods. First working directly in the variational formulation of the elliptic problem and then employing the heat kernel representation of solutions.Ítem The poisson equation from non-local to local(Texas State University - San Marcos, 2018) Biccari, Umberto; Hernández Santamaría, VíctorWe analyze the limiting behavior as s → 1− of the solution to the fractional Poisson equation (−∆)s us = fs, x ∈ Ω with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions us ≡ 0, x ∈ Ωc. We show that lims →1 − us = u, with −∆u = f, x ∈ Ω and u = 0, x ∈ ∂Ω. Our results are complemented by a discussion on the rate of convergence and on extensions to the parabolic setting.Ítem Leisure geographies and domestication in middle-class households(Routledge, 2024) Unás, Viviam Stella; Monteagudo Sánchez, María JesúsThis paper presents the findings of a study that delved into the role of artifactual agents in shaping leisure experiences within middle-class households in Cali, Colombia. In-depth interviews were conducted with members of 26 households, supplemented by mapping and ethnographic visits to 10. The collected data identified home typologies based on family cohesion and attachment to tradition. These typologies are crucial in defining the interplay between artifacts and leisure. In homes with less traditional tendencies, leisure expands spontaneously, albeit at the cost of impoverished free time. In individualistic households, the bedroom emerges as the central hub for leisure, often overshadowing the communal dining room. Leisure is portrayed as a creative mechanism influencing the personalization of domestic spaces through artistic endeavors. In conclusion, this study underscores the significance of artifacts as influential agents in shaping leisure and advocates for a non-anthropocentric approach to understanding domestic leisure.Ítem The role of regional tax autonomy, firm size, and business groups in tax avoidance: evidence from Spain(Taylor & Francis, 2024-07-10) Garmendia-Lazcano, Aitor; Baselga Pascual, LauraThis paper investigates the influence of regional tax autonomy, firm size, and business group affiliation on corporate tax burden in a large sample of Spanish firms, including non-listed firms, from 2007 to 2016. Our findings reveal that firms located in tax- autonomous regions exhibit lower effective corporate tax rates (ETR), providing new empirical support for the horizontal tax com-petition theory. Additionally, we identify a positive relationship between firm size and corporate tax burden, aligning with the political cost theory. Furthermore, we find that group-affiliated firms face a higher ETR than independent firms, and that group affiliation attenuates the differences in the tax burden experienced by large and small firms.