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Ítem How dominant language influences rubric reading and task performance: Insights from eye-tracking research(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2025-06-01) Panadero, E.; Delgado, P.; Barrenetxea-Mínguez, L.; Zamorano, D.; Pinedo, L.; Fernández-Ortube, A.The students’ dominant language might influence how they use and process a rubric and its subsequent effect on task performance. However, our knowledge about these effects is limited. This study investigates how the dominant language of students is associated with their rubric reading patterns and their task performance in a written landscape analysis in Spanish. Participants were 80 higher education students with different dominant language (Spanish-dominant speakers, SDS; Basque-Spanish speakers, BSS) from six undergraduate programmes. We employed a randomized controlled trial in which participants used a rubric to guide their performance in a written analysis of a landscape. Participants were randomly assigned to two conditions based on the rubric order: (1) lowest to highest performance level vs (2) highest to lowest performance level. We analyzed eye-tracking data to explore reading patterns (i.e., fixation times on the rubric cells and gaze transitions between the rubric and the picture of the landscape), task performance (i.e., written landscape analysis), and self-reported cognitive load. Spanish-dominant speakers exhibited more adaptive reading patterns and performed better in the written landscape analysis with the highest-lowest performance level (PL) order rubric, compared to Basque-Spanish speakers. Additionally, fixation time on highest PL and gaze transitions between highest PL and the landscape picture were positively correlated with task performance. Our research highlights the importance of considering dominant language in rubric design and implementation, showing that strategic rubric design can enhance student performance, particularly in linguistically diverse educational settings.Ítem Carbon and water footprint of food loss and waste prevention actions: cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment of a prepared salad(Elsevier Ltd, 2025-04-10) Amador Cervera, Manuel; Scherhaufer, Silvia; Gollnow, Sebastian; Alonso Vicario, AinhoaFood loss and waste (FLW) represents a major challenge for sustainable development. FLW prevention actions are proliferating, but key gaps persist in assessing their actual net environmental benefits, particularly in prevention at the point of generation. Additionally, data transparency is still a key issue. This study aims to assess the environmental impacts avoided by 5 groups of FLW prevention actions implemented in a prepared salad case study in Spain. Additionally, 4 different salad recipes are analysed, so that the influence of ingredient composition on the effectiveness of FLW prevention actions is accounted for as well. A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to have a holistic view of the real impacts across the entire system. The methodology involves an identification and characterisation of the points of FLW generation, enabling a more precise estimation of the FLW that can be reduced through prevention actions. Results indicate that innovative governance solutions yield the most positive impacts, avoiding climate change impacts by 9.8 and water use by 8.80 %. The salad with higher proportions of animal-based ingredients experienced the largest impact reductions. These findings highlight areas for targeted prevention efforts for decision makers. Primary production generated the most environmental impacts coming from FLW. However, the holistic perspective taken demonstrated that effective prevention should focus on downstream points of generation. In conclusion, the presented LCA approach accurately identifies the most promising FLW prevention opportunities to improve the environmental performance of food products. The enhanced data transparency improves accuracy and promotes openness and accountability in LCA and FLW researchÍtem Predictive assessment of eating disorder risk and recovery: uncovering the effectiveness of questionnaires and influencing characteristics(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Pikatza Huerga, Amaia; Las Hayas Rodríguez, Carlota; Zulaika Zurimendi, Unai; Almeida, AitorThis study aims to assess the predictive capabilities of various questionnaires in determining the risk of Eating Disorders (ED) and predicting the level of recovery among individuals. Employing machine learning models and diverse datasets, the research focuses on understanding the effectiveness of different questionnaires in providing insights into ED symptoms and recovery outcomes. Additionally, the study seeks to identify the characteristics that significantly influence the recovery process. The investigation aims to contribute valuable information to enhance the diagnostic and monitoring tools used in the field of mental health, particularly concerning EDÍtem The negative impact of disintegration on trade: the case of Brexit(Elsevier B.V., 2024-04) Lucio, Juan de; Mínguez, Raúl; Minondo, Asier; Requena Silvente, FranciscoUsing firm-level export and import transactions and by applying an event study methodology, we quantify the impact of the UK's withdrawal from the EU's single market and customs union on Spain–UK trade flows. We find that Spanish exports and imports to the UK decreased by 24% and 27%, respectively, compared to the period before the Brexit referendum. The probability of Spanish exporters and importers starting a trade relationship with the UK decreased and the probability of ending one increased. Products subject to sanitary and phytosanitary measures, stringent rules of origin, and whose technical standards had not been harmonized before disintegration experienced a stronger decline in trade flows. Large firms faced a more severe decrease in exports than small ones after disintegrationÍtem Automatic classification of the physical surface in sound uroflowmetry using machine learning methods(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Álvarez Arteaga, Marcos Lázaro; Arjona Aguilera, Laura; Iglesias Martínez, Miguel E.; Bahillo, AlfonsoThis work constitutes the first approach for automatically classifying the surface that the voiding flow impacts in non-invasive sound uroflowmetry tests using machine learning. Often, the voiding flow impacts the toilet walls (traditionally made of ceramic) instead of the water in the toilet. This may cause a reduction in the strength of the recorded audio signal, leading to a decrease in the amplitude of the extracted envelope. As a result, just from analysing the envelope, it is impossible to tell if that reduction in the envelope amplitude is due to a reduction in the voiding flow or an impact on the toilet wall. In this work, we study the classification of sound uroflowmetry data in male subjects depending on the surface that the urine impacts within the toilet: the three classes are water, ceramic and silence (where silence refers to an interruption of the voiding flow). We explore three frequency bands to study the feasibility of removing the human-speech band (below 8 kHz) to preserve user privacy. Regarding the classification task, three machine learning algorithms were evaluated: the support vector machine, random forest and k-nearest neighbours. These algorithms obtained accuracies of 96%, 99.46% and 99.05%, respectively. The algorithms were trained on a novel dataset consisting of audio signals recorded in four standard Spanish toilets. The dataset consists of 6481 1-s audio signals labelled as silence, voiding on ceramics and voiding on water. The obtained results represent a step forward in evaluating sound uroflowmetry tests without requiring patients to always aim the voiding flow at the water. We open the door for future studies that attempt to estimate the flow parameters and reconstruct the signal envelope based on the surface that the urine hits in the toiletÍtem Optimizing road traffic surveillance: a robust hyper-heuristic approach for vehicle segmentation(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Rodríguez Esparza, Erick; Ramos Soto, Oscar; Masegosa Arredondo, Antonio David; Onieva Caracuel, Enrique; Oliva, Diego; Arriandiaga Laresgoiti, Ander; Ghosh, ArkaDue to rising consumer demand and traffic congestion, last-mile logistics is becoming more challenging. To optimize urban distribution networks, digital image processing plays a key role in addressing these challenges through efficient traffic monitoring systems, an essential component of intelligent transportation systems. This paper introduces the Hyper-heuristic Genetic Algorithm based on Thompson Sampling with Diversity (HHGATSD), a novel approach to efficiently solving complex optimization and versatility problems in image segmentation. We evaluate its efficiency and robustness using the IEEE CEC2017 benchmark function set in general optimization problems with 30 and 50 dimensions. HHGATSD's applicability extends beyond optimization to computer vision in traffic management. First, the multilevel thresholding segmentation is performed on images extracted from the Berkeley Segmentation Dataset with minimum cross-entropy as the objective function, and its performance is compared using PSNR, SSIM, and FSIM metrics. Following that, the proposed methodology addresses the task of vehicle segmentation in traffic camera videos, reaffirming HHGATSD's effectiveness, adaptability, and consistency by consistently outperforming alternative segmentation methods found in the state-of-the-art. The results of comprehensive experiments, validated by statistical and non-parametric analyses, show that the proposed hyper-heuristic and methodology produce accurate and consistent segmentations for road traffic surveillance compared to the other methods in the literatureÍtem Desarrollo del Cuestionario de Mindfulness para Docentes (CMD) y análisis de propiedades psicométricas(Asociación Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación, 2024) Santamaría, Txemi; López González, Luis; Herrero Fernández, David; Amutio Careaga, Alberto; Merino, LauraExiste una falta de instrumentos específicos que valoren el mindfulness en los docentes dentro del aula. El objetivo de esta investigación fue la construcción de un nuevo cuestionario que recogiera todas las variables relevantes, incluidas la relación con el alumnado, el clima de clase, y la gestión del aula. La muestra se compuso de 436 docentes vinculados a 16 centros concertados y públicos de educación infantil, primaria y secundaria. El Cuestionario de Mindfulness para Docentes (CMD) consta de 23 ítems distribuidos en 4 factores: Autoconciencia, Conciencia Corporal, Conciencia Interpersonal, e Interacción Consciente y presenta unos índices de fiabilidad y validez adecuados. Así, se pone a disposición de la comunidad científica y educativa un instrumento nuevo en español cuyo objetivo es evaluar las competencias mindfulness de los docentes que contribuirá a mejorar los Programas Educativos Basados en Mindfulness y la propia gestión y clima del aulaÍtem Uniform Turnpike property and singular limits(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2024-04) Hernández Salinas, Martín Sebastián; Zuazua, EnriqueMotivated by singular limits for long-time optimal control problems, we investigate a class of parameter-dependent parabolic equations. First, we prove a turnpike result, uniform with respect to the parameters within a suitable regularity class and under appropriate bounds. The main ingredient of our proof is the justification of the uniform exponential stabilization of the corresponding Riccati equations, which is derived from the uniform null control properties of the model. Then, we focus on a heat equation with rapidly oscillating coefficients. In the one-dimensional setting, we obtain a uniform turnpike property with respect to the highly oscillatory heterogeneous medium. Afterward, we establish the homogenization of the turnpike property. Finally, our results are validated by numerical experimentsÍtem Relationship between maternal anxiety and infants’ temperament: the mediating role of mindful parenting(Elsevier Ltd, 2024-06) Hoyo Bilbao, Joana del; Orue Sola, IzaskunResearch has indicated that maternal anxiety does have an effect on infant temperament. Therefore, it is important to study the variables that could play a role in this relationship. In this study, we propose that mindful parenting could act as a mediator in this relationship. Thus, the main objective was to evaluate the relationship between maternal anxiety and child temperament (i.e., negative affectivity, surgency, and effortful control) through the mindful parenting of mothers. Mothers (N = 225) self-reported their anxiety, mindful parenting use, and the temperament of their old infants (aged 4–18 months). First, the reliability and validity results showed that the infant version of the Interpersonal Mindful Parenting questionnaire was a good tool for the assessment of mindful parenting among parents with infants. The five-factor structure of the questionnaire was confirmed; it involved self-regulation in the parenting relationship, listening with full attention, emotional awareness of the child, compassion for the child, and non-judgmental acceptance of parenting behavior. Correlational analyses showed that maternal anxiety was related to negative affectivity and effortful control in infants. Furthermore, mediational analyses indicated that the relation between maternal anxiety and infant negative affectivity was mediated by self-regulation in parenting and the emotional awareness of the child. In addition, the relation between maternal anxiety and infant effortful control was mediated by compassion for the child and listening with full attention. These results contribute to knowledge about the relation between maternal anxiety and child temperament, which may increase the risk of psychological symptoms. The results of this study suggest that promoting mindful parenting skills may be beneficial for affectivity and effortful control in infantsÍtem Calcifications of the knee’s medial compartment: a case report and literature review on the adductor magnus tendon as an uncommon location and the role of ultrasound-guided lavage(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025-03) Jiménez Herranz, Elena; Fernandes, João Vitor de Castro; Ramos Álvarez, Juan José; Castillo Díez, Federico del; Pedrinelli, André; Alvariza Ciancio, Sofia; Solís Mencía, Cristian Alberto; Castillo González, Federico delBackground: This paper examines the diverse etiologies of medial knee pain, emphasizing the prevalence of calcification-related pathologies, such as Pellegrini–Stieda Syndrome (PSS), particularly in the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and adjacent structures. Furthermore, we present a case of calcification of the distal adductor magnus tendon (DAMT) insertion into the femoral condyle of the knee and describe its treatment using ultrasound-guided percutaneous lavage (UGPL). A narrative review was conducted based on a single case; it underscores the importance of accurate diagnosis using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to differentiate between various calcific conditions, guiding appropriate treatment strategies. Case Presentation: A 70-year-old patient presenting with severe medial knee pain, with a duration of 4 days, and functional impotence underwent X-ray, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations, revealing calcification in the DAMT. Treatment consisted of UGPL. The patient’s pain level was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) initially and after 30 days of treatment. Upon initial assessment, the patient reported a VAS score of 9 out of 10. After 30 days of completing the treatment, the symptoms ceased. Follow-up imaging (X-ray, ultrasound, and MRI) showed only very tiny fragments of calcification remaining. Conclusions: UGPL is an effective technique for treating calcific tendinopathy of the DAMT insertion into the medial femoral condyle of the knee, offering significant pain relief and functional improvement. This case highlights the importance of considering this rare condition in the differential diagnosis of medial knee painÍtem From experts to citizens: co-creating neighbourhood coziness metrics(Elsevier B.V., 2025-04) Ferrón, Leandro Martín; Borges Hernández, Cruz E.; Mugarra Elorriaga, Aitziber; Soimu, OxanaCurrent urban sustainability metrics often overlook local community preferences. The shortcomings of existing assessment tools stem not only from overarching frameworks but also from limitations in their key performance indicators. This study introduces a novel methodological approach integrating multidimensional indicators spanning environmental, social, and economic dimensions, culminating in the Community Coziness Rating. Structured expert discussions and a comprehensive survey across multiple European nations targeted non-expert residents to ensure a representative cross-section of perspectives. Survey participants evaluated indicators categorized and weighted for technical and community significance. Findings show building energy efficiency, air quality, and proximity to essential services were most critical, while technical metrics like smart energy management systems and advanced electric vehicle infrastructure ranked lower, highlighting a disconnect between expert prioritization and public perception. The proposed framework incorporates participatory action dynamics, enabling more nuanced, context-specific neighborhood evaluations that reflect localized needs and preferencesÍtem Climate change from B to Z: a cross-generational perception study in Spain(Frontiers Media SA, 2025) Divasson Jaureguibarria, Asier; Aguayo Mendoza, Armando; Quesada Granja, Carlos; Casado Mansilla, Diego; Borges Hernández, Cruz E.In the context of increasing climate concerns, this study explores generational perceptions and responses to potential climate-induced crises through a workshop and survey methodology. The aim of this study is to understand how different age groups view and react to extreme climate scenarios and evaluate their proposed actions and attitudes toward climate change mitigation. This study investigates generational perceptions and responses to climate change through a dual-format workshop and survey, conducted both in person and online. The methodological approach involved presenting respondents with a range of apocalyptic scenarios resulting from climate change, including electricity shortages, reduced food production, fuel scarcity, inadequate home heating, drought, and raw material shortages. These scenarios aimed to assess respondents’ awareness, concern, and proposed actions in response to potential future crises. The survey, administered via the Prolific platform, and workshops, held at the “Zientzia Azoka” science fair and online, gathered data from 153 participants across four generational cohorts, namely, Baby Boomers, Generation X (Gen X), Millennials, and Generation Z (Gen Z). The analysis revealed distinct generational differences in attitudes toward societal responsibility and action. Baby Boomers emphasized community responsibility over formal regulations, showing a preference for moral and ethical accountability rather than legislative action. Generation X displayed balanced responses, with tendencies toward valuing education and long-term stability. Millennials were more likely to emphasize the role of authorities and formal governance in addressing societal issues, reflecting their reliance on structured systems. In contrast, Generation Z showed a strong inclination to hold companies accountable, often associating responsibility with corporate entities, and were more vocal about behavioral changes and restrictions to drive progress. The study underscores significant generational differences in climate change perceptions and actions, highlighting a trend toward increasing demand for climate action and growing distrust in institutions. These insights suggest the need for inclusive, generationally tailored climate policies with a focus on education and systemic change. Future research should explore the relationship between sustainable consumption and economic vulnerability, addressing how financial constraints impact individuals’ ability to adopt sustainable practicesÍtem Case report: synovial chondromatosis in sport climbers fingers(Frontiers Media SA, 2025) Becker, Helmut; Iruretagoiena Urbieta, Seber; Schöffl, VolkerIntroduction: Sport Climbing is a rapidly developing sport with an increasing variety and number of injuries, especially now that it is an Olympic event. The objective of this study is to firstly report the presence of Finger Synovial Chondromatosis (FSC) found in the fingers of climbers. Synovial chondromatosis is a rare condition and particularly rare in the hands and fingers. Methods: We prospectively evaluated all climbers with finger injuries presenting in 2022 for the presence of FSC in the finger joints. 13 patients in this case series were included with complaints of finger pain for more than 6 weeks. The study was performed in our Sports Medical Centre in Bamberg, Germany. The diagnosis was made based on in person clinical assessment, ultrasound examination and additional radiological findings (e.g., x-ray, CT, MRI) as applicable. Results: We detected 13 male climbers with FSC with experience ranging from intermediate to elite level. 77% (10/13) of the patients did not complain of any symptoms of the FSC and presented with other diagnoses (e.g.pulley rupture, tenosynovitis) and the finding of FSC was just an additional finding. In 12 subjects FSC was found in the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint and one in the metacarpo-pahalangeal (MCP) joint and distributed as follows: right (R) side 69%, left (L) side 38%, considering 15% in both hands. The prevalence corresponded to the digits are as follows: D2 15%, D3 77%, and D4 15%. Discussion: With the rapid development in sport climbing there has been a rise in the intensity, volume and variety of training, which may be the key factors contributing to the spectrum of injuries associated with climbing. Hand and finger climbing related injuries are well documented, however the incidental discovery of this rare condition warrants its inclusion as another differential diagnosis in the spectrum of climbing related pathologies. At the moment, not enough is understood about FSC and its long-term consequences therefore further analysis is warranted for future studiesÍtem Actualidad institucional y económica de España en el marco de la Unión Europea (febrero de 2025)(Universidad de Deusto = Deustuko Unibertsitatea, Instituto de Estudios Europeos, 2025) Rodríguez Talavera, PabloEl segundo semestre de 2024 ha marcado un período de transformaciones clave para la Unión Europea (UE), tanto a nivel político como económico. La configuración del nuevo Parlamento Europeo y la Comisión Europea estableció una agenda renovada centrada en la sostenibilidad, la cohesión social y la transición digital. Hungría, en su papel como presidencia rotatoria del Consejo de la UE, ha liderado iniciativas enfocadas en reducir disparidades regionales, mejorar la conectividad digital y abordar la seguridad alimentaria en un contexto de tensiones globales. Entre los hitos destacados se encuentran los avances en el proceso de adhesión de Ucrania y Moldavia, consolidando su integración en el bloque europeo. Además, la UE ha reforzado sus relaciones internacionales mediante acuerdos estratégicos en África y Asia Central, y su liderazgo climático ha quedado de manifiesto durante la cumbre climática de Bruselas, donde se establecieron metas ambiciosas para reducir las emisiones de carbono. Estas acciones subrayan el compromiso de la UE con el desarrollo sostenible, la seguridad energética y la integración económica globalÍtem Las personas desplazadas procedentes de Ucrania y su proceso de acogida en la Unión Europea y en España(Universidad de Deusto = Deustuko Unibertsitatea, Instituto de Estudios Europeos, 2025) La Spina, EncarnaciónDesde el 4 de marzo de 2022, la activación de la Directiva de protección temporal para las personas desplazadas procedentes de Ucrania ha marcado un hito sin precedentes dentro de la agenda europea de inmigración y asilo. Desde entonces, el debate sobre el régimen de protección temporal se ha centrado mayoritariamente en una revisión crítica sobre las personas beneficiarias, los derechos garantizados y el marco jurídico aplicable para las personas desplazadas desde Ucrania. Sin embargo, el marco jurídico de la Directiva 2001/55/CE y la aplicación del procedimiento de protección temporal por medio de la Decisión de ejecución (UE) 2022/382 requieren también una lectura atenta respecto al desarrollo de la modalidad de acogida inmediata. No en vano, ya próximos a hacer balance del primer trienio desde la activación del régimen de protección temporal, los procesos de acogida ponen en evidencia la legitimidad y el impacto de algunos dobles estándares, ciertas oportunidades y paradojas, así como los desafíos prácticos de esta respuesta inmediata no solo a nivel europeo sino también en cada Estado miembro. Precisamente, haciendo especial referencia a los procesos de acogida-integración en España, este artículo intenta hacer visibles las consecuencias derivadas de la gestión diferenciada para las personas beneficiarias de protección temporalÍtem La contabilidad (social) analítica de género como oportunidad para la economía social(Centro Internacional de Investigación e Información sobre la Economía Pública, Social y Cooperativa, CIRIEC, 2025) Retolaza Ávalos, José Luis; San José, LeireLa igualdad de género es una preocupación creciente en la economía social. Aunque existen numerosos estudios sobre género, falta un análisis exhaustivo de los sistemas de distribución de riqueza en Europa, especialmente en organizaciones. Este trabajo presenta el GWEI (Gender Wage Equality Index), un indicador diseñado para evidenciar desigualdades salariales de género mediante la contabilidad social. El GWEI opera en dos niveles: uno basado en datos secundarios que analiza la masa salarial y otro que utiliza la contabilidad social analítica para evaluar transferencias de valor entre stakeholders. El análisis se centra en siete empresas, estacando el caso de Lantegi Batuak, y aborda la implementación del GWEI en la Economía Social. Se introducen innovaciones como: análisis del equilibrio en el empleo, mapeo de stakeholders sensibles a desequilibrios de género, evaluación del diálogo con stakeholders, preguntas sobre valor generado y desequilibrios, segmentación de datos por género y uso del GWEI como ratio específica. Los resultados demuestran el potencial del GWEI para abordar desequilibrios de género en organizaciones, tanto públicas como privadas, y su contribución al desarrollo de estrategias sostenibles de géneroÍtem El teletrabajo en las cooperativas de trabajo asociado: ¿una medida efectiva para fomentar la conciliación y la corresponsabilidad?(Universidad de Deusto = Deustuko Unibertsitatea, Asociación Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo, 2025) López Rodríguez, JosuneEn el presente estudio se analiza el régimen jurídico del teletrabajo en las cooperativas de trabajo asociado, con la finalidad última de dilucidar si este constituye una herramienta efectiva para favorecer y fomentar la conciliación de la vida personal, familiar y laboral, así como la corresponsabilidad familiar. A tal fin, en primer lugar, se expondrá brevemente el concepto de las cooperativas de trabajo asociado. En segundo lugar, se analizará el alcance jurídico del teletrabajo, prestando especial atención a su aplicación a esta clase de cooperativas. En tercer lugar, se estudiará el binomio teletrabajo y conciliación, en aras de comprobar si el teletrabajo es una medida óptima para fomentar la conciliación en las cooperativas de trabajo asociado. En cuarto lugar, se abordará la corresponsabilidad familiar en el marco del teletrabajo, haciéndose hincapié en la necesidad de promover una conciliación corresponsable. Y, en último lugar, se expondrán las principales conclusiones de la investigaciónÍtem Caracterización articulatoria de /s/ en el español norteño peninsular a partir de imágenes de MRI(Universidad de Barcelona, Laboratori de Fonètica, 2025) Iribar Ibabe, Alexander; García-Zapirain, Begoña; Oleagordia Ruiz, IbonSe presenta una caracterización articulatoria del fonema /s/ en el español peninsular norteño, a partir del análisis de una colección de imágenes de resonancia magnética (MRI), en 2D y 3D. Se utiliza para el análisis un conjunto de parámetros articulatorios que se ha mostrado útil para la descripción de las sibilantes del euskara (Iribar et al., 2020, 2022, 2024). Se identifican y describen tres modelos diferentes de producción de /s/: alveolodental apical, alveolar laminar y alveolodental laminar; sólo el primero de estos modelos se corresponde con la descripción tradicional de la llamada ese norteña. Se estudia también la forma del canal articulatorio, que no parece guardar relación con los modelos articulatoriosÍtem Connexions bascocatalanes: les impersonals de subjecte suprimit(Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat, 2024) Fernández Fernández, Beatriz; Berro Urrizelki, Ane; Pérez Saldanya, ManuelEn aquest article analitzarem les impersonals de subjecte suprimit (ang. subject-suppressing impersonals; Blevins 2003), és a dir, les construccions amb un subjecte implícit i indefinit. Aques- tes construccions han rebut el nom de impersonals en basc (Rodet 1992; Ortiz de Urbina 2003; Fernández & Berro 2021) i s’han designat oracions pronominals de subjecte inespecífic en català (Bartra 2002). En totes dues llengües, aquestes construccions impersonals han estat considerades intransitives, ja que, en comptes de dos arguments, només se n’explicita un (o cap). Com a exponent de la intransitivitat d’aquestes construccions, en basc es fa servir l’auxiliar intransitiu izan ‘ser’ en comptes del transitiu *edun ‘haver’. En català, per la seva banda, aquestes construccions presenten el clític pronominal es. En aquest article tractarem de mostrar que, en aquestes construccions, el subjecte suprimit és sintàcticament actiu en totes dues llengües i que, per tant, les construccions poden ser considerades tipològicament com a impersonals de subjecte suprimit (Blevins 2003)Ítem Benchmarking performance through efficiency analysis trees: improvement strategies for colombian higher education institutions(Elsevier Ltd, 2024-04) Zofío Prieto, José Luis; Aparicio, Juan; Barbero Jiménez, Javier; Zabala Iturriagagoitia, Jon MikelWe introduce benchmarking analysis based on state-of-the-art machine learning techniques applied to the measurement of efficiency to assess the performance of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). We rely on Efficiency Analysis Trees (EAT) and its Convexified frontier counterpart (CEAT) to assess the efficiency of 144 private HEIs in Colombia and compare the results with those achieved with classical Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Both EAT and CEAT show a higher discriminatory power than DEA when determining efficiency scores. Our results identify the different splits of the production frontier, corresponding to each node of the efficiency tree, which groups HEIs according to specific management models. By identifying relevant peers for inefficient observations at the node level, we show which strategic guidelines can be adopted to improve the performance of each HEI. This process encourages mutual learning and suggests potential changes within each node leading to efficiency improvements