Effect of warm forming process parameters on 42CrMo4 skew rolled bar mechanical properties and microstructure

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dc.contributor.authorMurillo Marrodán, Alberto
dc.contributor.authorBulzak, Tomasz
dc.contributor.authorGarcía Gil, Eduardo
dc.contributor.authorDerazkola, Hamed Aghajani
dc.contributor.authorMajerski, Krzysztof
dc.contributor.authorTomczak, Janusz
dc.contributor.authorPater, Zbigniew
dc.date.accessioned2025-02-28T10:43:22Z
dc.date.available2025-02-28T10:43:22Z
dc.date.issued2024-04
dc.date.updated2025-02-28T10:43:22Z
dc.description.abstractSkew rolling is a manufacturing process in which two or three rolls are used to reduce the diameter or modify the shape of a cylindrical workpiece, which is used to manufacture mechanical components such as shafts, rods or balls. Hot conditions are used to overcome limitations related to material ductility, residual stress and machine capacity. In this paper, the warm skew rolling (WSR) process of 42CrMo4 rods is modeled by the finite element method. The effects of forming parameters, namely initial temperature and roll rotational velocity, on the material strain rate, thermal properties, microstructure and hardness were analyzed. Simulation results were validated by experimental process data, while hardness tests and SEM-EBSD microscopy were used to assess mechanical properties and microstructure, respectively. The WSR resulting microstructure is different from the normalized ferritic–pearlitic initial one. The degree of spheroidization (DoS) of cementite increases with temperature. The maximum DoS of 86.5% occurs at the initial temperature of 750 °C, leading to the highest material softening. Rolling from lower temperatures favors grain fragmentation and the achievement of incomplete spheroidization, which, in combination with the highest proportion of high-angle boundaries, contributes to a higher hardness of the rods with respect to those rolled at higher temperatures. The highest reduction in hardness takes place at 750 °C and 30 rpm, leading to 209.4 HV1 (30.7% reduction) and 194.1 HV1 (35.7% reduction) in the near-surface and internal regions, respectively. The driving factor is the transformation of cementite precipitates into a spheroidal form characterized by the greatest degree of dispersion.en
dc.description.sponsorshipOpen Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Natureen
dc.identifier.citationMurillo-Marrodán, A., Bulzak, T., García, E., Derazkola, H. A., Majerski, K., Tomczak, J., & Pater, Z. (2024). Effect of warm forming process parameters on 42CrMo4 skew rolled bar mechanical properties and microstructure. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering , 24(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/S43452-024-00902-Z
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/S43452-024-00902-Z
dc.identifier.eissn2083-3318
dc.identifier.issn1644-9665
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14454/2404
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherSpringer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
dc.rights© The Author(s) 2024
dc.subject.otherMechanical properties
dc.subject.otherMicrostructure
dc.subject.otherSkew rolling
dc.subject.otherSpheroidization
dc.subject.otherWarm forming
dc.titleEffect of warm forming process parameters on 42CrMo4 skew rolled bar mechanical properties and microstructureen
dc.typejournal article
dcterms.accessRightsopen access
oaire.citation.issue2
oaire.citation.titleArchives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering
oaire.citation.volume24
oaire.licenseConditionhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
oaire.versionVoR
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