Examinando por Autor "Zubiaurre Elorza, Leire"
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Ítem Amygdala structure and function and its associations with social-emotional outcomes in a low-risk preterm sample(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024-03) Fernández de Gamarra Oca, Lexuri; Lucas Jiménez, Olaia; Ontañón Garcés , José María; Loureiro Gonzalez, Begoña; Peña Lasa, Javier; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa; García Guerrero, Acebo; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia; Zubiaurre Elorza, LeireAmygdala atypical volume development and functional connectivity (FC) at small gestational ages (GA) have been found across childhood. This adult-oriented study assesses whether altered amygdala structure and function is present following low-risk preterm birth. T1-weighted and resting-state functional MRI images of 33 low-risk preterm (30–36 weeks’ GA) and 29 full-term (37–42 weeks’ GA) young adults of both sexes, aged between 20 and 32 years old, were analyzed using FreeSurfer (v6.0.0) and Coon Toolbox (v21.a). The social-emotional assessment included Happé’s Strange Stories Test, the Moral Judgment Test, Delay-Discounting Test, Adult Self Report, and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. No differences were found in social-emotional outcomes or amygdala volumes between the groups. Low-risk preterm young adults showed increased FC between the left amygdala, right amygdala and medial frontal cortex (MedFC) (F = 9.89, p-FWE = 0.009) at cluster level compared to their full-term peers. However, significant results at connection level were not observed between left and right amygdala. Lastly, increased FC at cluster level between the right amygdala and MedFC, and left amygdala and MedFC, was related to better social-emotional outcomes only in low-risk preterm young adults (F = 6.60, p-FWE = 0.036) at cluster level. At connection level, in contrast, only right amygdala–MedFC increased FC was significantly associated with better social-emotional outcomes. This study reveals that low-risk prematurity does not have an effect on social-emotional outcomes or structural amygdala volumes during young adulthood. However, individuals who were considered to be at a lower risk of exhibiting neurodevelopmental alterations following preterm birth demonstrated increased FC between the left and right amygdala and MedFC.Ítem CBLL1 is hypomethylated and correlates with cortical thickness in transgender men before gender affirming hormone treatment(Nature Research, 2023-12-07) Fernández, Rosa; Zubiaurre Elorza, Leire ; Santisteban, Andrea; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia ; Collet, Sarah; Kiyar, Meltem; T’Sjoen, Guy; Mueller, Sven C.; Guillamon, Antonio; Pásaro, EduardoGender identity refers to the consciousness of being a man, a woman or other condition. Although it is generally congruent with the sex assigned at birth, for some people it is not. If the incongruity is distressing, it is defined as gender dysphoria (GD). Here, we measured whole-genome DNA methylation by the Illumina © Infinium Human Methylation 850k array and reported its correlation with cortical thickness (CTh) in 22 transgender men (TM) experiencing GD versus 25 cisgender men (CM) and 28 cisgender women (CW). With respect to the methylation analysis, TM vs. CW showed significant differences in 35 CpGs, while 2155 CpGs were found when TM vs. CM were compared. With respect to correlation analysis, TM showed differences in methylation of CBLL1 and DLG1 genes that correlated with global and left hemisphere CTh. Both genes were hypomethylated in TM compared to the cisgender groups. Early onset TM showed a positive correlation between CBLL1 and several cortical regions in the frontal (left caudal middle frontal), temporal (right inferior temporal, left fusiform) and parietal cortices (left supramarginal and right paracentral). This is the first study relating CBLL1 methylation with CTh in transgender persons and supports a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of gender identity.Ítem The effect of changing the balance between right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on different creativity tasks: a transcranial random noise stimulation study(Creative Education Foudation, 2021-12) Peña Lasa, Javier; Sampedro, Agurne; Gómez-Gastiasoro, Ainara; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa; Zubiaurre Elorza, Leire; Aguiar, Covadonga; Ojeda del Pozo, NataliaTranscranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) increases performance in some perceptual tasks. However, little is known about its effect on creativity. Although dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been postulated as an important cortical area related to creativity, the relative role of left and right DLPFC is still unclear. We aimed to compare the effect of anodal left/cathodal right (L + R−) and cathodal left/anodal right (L − R+) tRNS over the DLPFC. Eighty-four participants were randomly assigned to L + R−, L−R+ or sham group. Current was set at 2 mA (100–500 Hz) with a 1 mA direct current offset (20 min). Creativity was assessed before and during tRNS with the Remotes Associates Test (RAT), Unusual Uses (UU) and Picture Completion (PC) from Torrance Test of Creative Thinking, nine-dot problem and matchstick arithmetic problems. Bootstrapped analysis of covariance (under-stimulation scores controlling for baseline) showed that L + R− and L − R+ groups had higher scores than sham in UU whereas only L + R− improved in RAT compared to sham. The L − R+ group performed significantly better than L + R− and sham groups in PC, nine-dot problem and matchstick arithmetic problems. L + R− DLPFC may help verbal creative thinking whereas the L − R + seems to produce a “releasing effect” through insight problem solving and originality.Ítem Effects of transcranial electrical stimulation techniques on second and foreign language learning enhancement in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis(Elsevier Ltd, 2021-09-17) Balboa Bandeira, Yolanda; Zubiaurre Elorza, Leire; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia; Peña Lasa, JavierBackground: Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques have been used to enhance different cognitive domains such as language in healthy adults. While several reviews and meta-analysis have been conducted on the effects of tES on different language skills (picture naming, verbal fluency, word reading), there has been little research conducted to date on the effects of tES on the processes involved in foreign language learning. Objective: A meta-analysis was performed to quantify the effects of tES on foreign language learning processes (non-words, artificial grammar, and foreign languages), focusing on accuracy, response times and 1-week follow-up effects, if reported by the studies. Results: Eleven studies that had sham condition were reviewed. Nine of them were analyzed, including five using within-participant design, and four that employed between-participant design. The final analysis encompassed nine studies with 279 healthy participants. The analysis showed moderate enhancing effects of tES on overall language learning (g = 0.50, 95 % CI [0.29, 0.71], p = .0001). However, results were not significant on follow up data (g = 0.54, 95 % CI [-0.12, 1.20], p = .07), and on response times (g = 0.50, 95 % CI [-0.1, 1.18], p = .10). The effects were significantly moderated by years of education. Conclusions: The results suggest that tES seems to enhance the mechanisms involved in foreign language learning; however, more research is needed to understand the impact scope of these techniques on language learning processes.Ítem Enhancement of divergent creative thinking after transcranial near-infrared photobiomodulation over the default mode network(Routledge, 2024) Peña Lasa, Javier; Muthalib, Makii; Beaty, Roger E.; Sampedro, Agurne; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa; Zubiaurre Elorza, Leire; García Guerrero, Acebo; Cortazar, Ibon; Niso, Mikel; Ojeda del Pozo, NataliaTranscranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) has been used for cognitive enhancement in healthy people. However, its effect on creativity has not been investigated. The default mode network (DMN) is associated with divergent thinking (DT; but not convergent thinking, CT), and also with anxiety, which in turn has been negatively related to creativity. We aimed to use tPBM over the DMN to assess the effect on DT compared to sham. Additionally, we assessed the possible mediating effect of anxiety between tPBM and DT. In this single-blind, between-subjects study, 58 healthy participants were randomly assigned to tPBM or sham group. tPBM was applied using near-infrared light (810 nm, 40 Hz; 50% duty cycle), through light-emitting diode devices combining transcranial plus intranasal PBM over the cortical nodes of the DMN for 20 min (240 J/cm2 in total). DT and CT were assessed before (baseline) and after tPBM with the Unusual Uses (UU), Picture Completion (PC) and Remote Associates test (RAT). ANCOVA (post-stimulation controlling for baseline) results showed that tPBM group had significantly higher scores compared to sham in total UU, PC, and total DT. tPBM may be effective for DT enhancement. The lack of effect on CT reveals a specific link between DMN and DT.Ítem Enhancement of phonemic verbal fluency in multilingual young adults by transcranial random noise stimulation(Elsevier Ltd, 2024-06) Balboa Bandeira, Yolanda; Zubiaurre Elorza, Leire; García Guerrero, Acebo; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia; Peña Lasa, JavierSeveral studies have analyzed the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on verbal fluency tasks in non-clinical populations. Nevertheless, the reported effects on verbal fluency are inconsistent. In addition, the effect of other techniques such as transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) on verbal fluency enhancement has yet to be studied in healthy multilingual populations. This study aims to explore the effects of tRNS on verbal fluency in healthy multilingual individuals. Fifty healthy multilingual (Spanish, English and Basque) adults were randomly assigned to a tRNS or sham group. Electrodes were placed on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left inferior frontal gyrus. All participants performed phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks before, during (online assessment) and immediately after (offline assessment) stimulation in three different languages. The results showed significantly better performance by participants who received tRNS in the phonemic verbal fluency tasks in Spanish (in the online and offline assessment) and English (in the offline assessment). No differences between conditions were found in Basque nor semantic verbal fluency. These findings suggests that tRNS on the left prefrontal cortex could help improve phonemic, yet not semantic, fluency in healthy multilingual adultsÍtem Enhancing creativity with combined transcranial direct current and random noise stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2023-03) Peña Lasa, Javier; Muthalib, Makii; Sampedro, Agurne; Cardoso-Botelho, Mafalda; Zabala Gómez, Oihana; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa; García Guerrero, Acebo; Zubiaurre Elorza, Leire; Ojeda del Pozo, NataliaCreativity is a fundamental human accomplishment from scientific advances to composing music. The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) are important metacontrol hubs in flexibility and persistence brain states, respectively. Those hubs are related to divergent thinking, insight problem-solving, and convergent thinking. In this double-blind, between-subjects study, 81 healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 27) that received a combined transcranial direct current stimulation–transcranial random noise stimulation (tDCS-tRNS) protocol with the anode over the left DLPFC and cathode over the left IFG (+DLPFC−IFG), the opposite montage (−DLPFC+IFG), and a sham group (+DLPFC−IFG). Both active tDCS-tRNS groups received 20 min of 1 mA tDCS with 1 mA (100–500 Hz) tRNS. Creativity was assessed before (baseline) and during stimulation with the Unusual Uses, Picture Completion (PC), Remote Association test (RAT), Matchstick Arithmetic (MA), and Nine-dot (ND) problems. Only the +DLPFC−IFG group had significantly higher scores compared with sham in the RAT (p =.009), PC fluency (p =.018), PC originality (p =.007), ND (p =.007), and MA (p =.032). Overall, −DLPFC+IFG had greater scores in all creativity tests compared with sham. Implications from the metacontrol theory are discussed.Ítem Hippocampal volumes and cognitive performance in children born extremely preterm with and without low-grade intraventricular haemorrhage(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023-06) Fernández de Gamarra Oca, Lexuri; Kvanta, Hedvig; Broström, Lina; Nosko, Daniela; Eklöf, E.; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia; Zubiaurre Elorza, Leire; Padilla, Nelly; Ådén, UlrikaChildren born extremely preterm, especially those with intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), are at increased risk of adverse cognitive outcomes during childhood. The present study aimed to explore the effects of IVH (grades I–II) on hippocampal volumes, and their correlates with cognitive performance. The sample consisted of 94 participants, including 54 children born extremely preterm (19 with IVH, grades I–II), and 40 children born at term. All participants underwent a magnetic resonance imaging study at the age of 10 (Mage = 10.20 years; SDage = 0.78), and 74 of them (45 extremely preterm and 29 full-term) carried out a cognitive assessment at 12 years old. Children born extremely preterm had lower scores in cognitive performance compared to their full-term peers. Significant positive partial correlations were observed between global bilateral hippocampus, left CA-field, and left subiculum volumes with processing speed in the full-term group, while no significant correlations were found in the extremely preterm group. Moderation analyses in the extremely preterm sample revealed that low-grade IVH moderated the relationship between right hippocampal volume and full-IQ (F(4,40) =5.42, p = 0.001, R2 = 0.35). Having greater right hippocampal volume had a protective effect on full-IQ in those children born extremely preterm with low-grade IVH.Ítem Improvement in creativity after transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(Nature Publishing Group, 2019-12) Peña Lasa, Javier; Sampedro, Agurne; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa; Zubiaurre Elorza, Leire; Ojeda del Pozo, NataliaCreativity has previously been shown to improve after the application of direct and alternating current transcranial stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). However, previous studies have not tested whether transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) was efficient for this purpose. The aim of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to investigate the effect of tRNS on both verbal convergent and (verbal and visual) divergent thinking during left DLPFC tRNS stimulation. Thirty healthy participants were randomly allocated to either a tRNS active group or a sham group. Each session lasted 20 min and the current was set to 1.5 mA (100–500 Hz). Participants’ verbal convergent thinking was assessed with the Remote Associates Test (RAT). Verbal and visual divergent thinking were respectively measured by using the Unusual Uses and Picture Completion subtests from the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Bootstrapped analysis of variance showed significant differences in the mean change scores between the active tRNS group and the sham group in RAT scores (d = 1.68); unusual uses: fluency (d = 2.29) and originality (d = 1.43); and general creativity (d = 1.45). Visual divergent thinking, in contrast, did not show any significant improvement. Our results suggested that tRNS over the left DLPFC is effective for increasing verbal divergent and convergent thinking.Ítem Long-term brain structural and cognitive outcomes in a low-risk preterm-born sample(Nature Research, 2024-12) Fernández de Gamarra Oca, Lexuri; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia; Ontañón Garcés , José María; Loureiro González, Begoña; Gómez-Gastiasoro, Ainara; Peña Lasa, Javier; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa; García Guerrero, Acebo; Zubiaurre Elorza, LeirePrematurity has been related to altered brain structure and cognition, and so our aim was to describe them in the absence of major structural brain injury following low-risk preterm birth during adolescence and young adulthood. The sample consisted of 250 participants, 132 of whom were low-risk preterm (30–36 weeks’ gestational age) and 118 were full-term individuals (37–42 weeks’ gestational age), aged between 16 and 38 years old. All participants underwent an extensive neuropsychological assessment. T1- and diffusion-weighted MRI images of 33 low-risk preterm and 31 full-term young adults (20–32 years old) were analyzed. No differences were found in terms of general cognitive functioning score or current socioeconomic status; however, the low-risk preterm group obtained lower scores in phonetic and semantic fluencies, and theory of mind. Significant reductions were identified in the thalamus volume as well as thicker cortex in the inferior temporal gyrus in the low-risk preterm group. Low-risk preterm young adults evidenced greater regional AD and MD compared to the full-term sample; while low-risk preterm group showed lower mean NDI and ODI (FWE-corrected, p < 0.05). Being born preterm is associated with poorer performance in various cognitive domains (i.e., phonetic and semantic fluencies, and theory of mind) later in life, along with differences in normative structural brain development in inferior temporal gyrus and regional white matter microstructure.Ítem Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes after moderate and late preterm birth: a systematic review(Mosby Inc., 2021-10) Fernández de Gamarra Oca, Lexuri; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia; Gómez-Gastiasoro, Ainara; Peña Lasa, Javier; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa; García Guerrero, Acebo; Loureiro González, Begoña; Zubiaurre Elorza, LeireObjective: To systematically review and perform meta-analyses on the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of adults born moderate and late preterm (MLPT) in relation to cognitive functioning and psychiatric disorders. Study design: A search was conducted to identify any studies that involved prematurity in adulthood. From these studies, reports that included a group of MLPT adults and included description of cognitive and/or mental health domains (including specific long-term outcomes) were selected. Results: In total, 155 publications were identified, but only 16 papers met the inclusion criteria. A small effect size (g = 0.38) was found in MLPT to demonstrate poorer intellectual performance compared with those born at term. Moreover, MLPT adults exhibited greater odds for any psychiatric (OR 1.14), substance use (OR 1.16), mood (OR 1.06), and psychotic disorders (OR 1.40). Conclusions: Despite inconsistency due to the methodologic differences between the selected studies, MLPT showed minor long-term effects into adulthood. However, more studies are needed, because prematurity seems to confer some vulnerability to biological and environmental factors that enhance susceptibility to adverse neurodevelopment outcomes.Ítem Maternal care and general cognitive functioning in moderate and late preterm-born children(Elsevier Ltd, 2022-10) Fernández de Gamarra Oca, Lexuri; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia; Loureiro González, Begoña; Sierra Ibarbia, Andrea; García Guerrero, Acebo; Peña Lasa, Javier; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa; Zubiaurre Elorza, LeireAim: To establish the neuropsychological profile in moderate and late preterm (MLPT) samples during childhood, and to assess the potential role of early life environmental factors in cognitive outcomes. Methods: One hundred-and-six children took part in this study, including 42 moderate preterm (Mage=11.57 years; Mdage: 12; SDage=1.77), 33 late preterm (Mage=12.21 years; Mdage: 12; SDage=0.78) and 31 full-term children (Mage=11.42 years; Mdage: 12; SDage=1.84). All participants underwent an environmental, emotional-behavioural, life satisfaction, functionality, resilience, and cognitive assessment. Results: Significant differences were found in several cognitive domains among groups. Further, the maternal care measure moderated the relationship between the degree of maturity/immaturity at birth and general cognitive functioning score (F(4,1014101)= 3.72, p = 0.007, R2 = 0.13). Conclusions: The findings showed different neuropsychological profiles during childhood, with the moderate preterm sample reporting lower values. Additionally, the appropriate level of maternal care measure used in this study seems to have had a protective effect on cognitive development.Ítem Preterm birth and early life environmental factors: neuropsychological profiles at adolescence and young adulthood(Springer Nature, 2023-11) Fernández de Gamarra Oca, Lexuri; Zubiaurre Elorza, Leire; Gómez-Gastiasoro, Ainara; Molins Sauri, Marta; Loureiro González, Begoña; Peña Lasa, Javier; García Guerrero, Acebo; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa; Bruna i Rabassa, Olga; Junqué i Plaja, Carme; Macaya Ruiz, Alfons; Poca Pastor, Maria Antònia; Ojeda del Pozo, NataliaObjectives: To establish neuropsychological profiles after high- and low-risk preterm birth (i.e., with and without neonatal brain injury) during adolescence and young adulthood and to assess the potential role of early life environmental factors in cognition. Study design: Participants (N = 177; Mage = 20.11 years) of both sexes were evaluated when adolescent or in young adulthood. They were grouped according to their birth status: 30 high-risk preterm, 83 low-risk preterm and 64 born at full term. Results: Significant differences were found in several cognitive domains between groups. Furthermore, familial socioeconomic status (SES) moderated the relation between the degree of maturity/immaturity at birth and cognition (F (5,171) = 11.94, p < 0.001, R 2 = 0.26). Discussion: The findings showed different neuropsychological profiles during adolescence and young adulthood, with the high-risk preterm sample evidencing lower cognitive values. In addition, higher scores in the familial SES score in this study seem to have a protective effect on cognition.Ítem Reduced hippocampal subfield volumes and memory performance in preterm children with and without germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage(Nature Research, 2021-12) Fernández de Gamarra Oca, Lexuri; Zubiaurre Elorza, Leire; Junqué i Plaja, Carme; Solana, Elisabeth; Soria Pastor, Sara; Vázquez, Élida; Delgado, Ignacio; Macaya Ruiz, Alfons; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia; Poca Pastor, Maria AntòniaPreterm newborns with germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GM-IVH) are at a higher risk of evidencing neurodevelopmental alterations. Present study aimed to explore the long-term effects that GM-IVH have on hippocampal subfields, and their correlates with memory. The sample consisted of 58 participants, including 36 preterm-born (16 with GM-IVH and 20 without neonatal brain injury), and 22 full-term children aged between 6 and 15 years old. All participants underwent a cognitive assessment and magnetic resonance imaging study. GM-IVH children evidenced lower scores in Full Intelligence Quotient and memory measures compared to their low-risk preterm and full-term peers. High-risk preterm children with GM-IVH evidenced significantly lower total hippocampal volumes bilaterally and hippocampal subfield volumes compared to both low-risk preterm and full-term groups. Finally, significant positive correlations between memory and hippocampal subfield volumes were only found in preterm participants together; memory and the right CA-field correlation remained significant after Bonferroni correction was applied (p =.002). In conclusion, memory alterations and both global and regional volumetric reductions in the hippocampus were found to be specifically related to a preterm sample with GM-IVH. Nevertheless, results also suggest that prematurity per se has a long-lasting impact on the association between the right CA-field volume and memory during childhood.