Repositorio Institucional Examinando por Autor "Calvete Zumalde, Esther"

Examinando por Autor "Calvete Zumalde, Esther"

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Bidirectional relationships between cyberbystanders’ roles, cyberbullying perpetration, and justification of violence
(SAGE Publications Inc., 2023-05) Orue Sola, Izaskun; Fernández González, Liria; Machimbarrena, Juan M.; González Cabrera, Joaquín; Calvete Zumalde, Esther
Bystanders play a key role in understanding the phenomenon of cyberbullying (CB). The main aim of this study is to explore longitudinal bidirectional relationships among cyberbystanders’ reaction, CB perpetration, and CB justification. Participants were 1,105 adolescents (56.7% girls; Mage = 13.56, SD = 1.21) who answered self-reported questionnaires about CB perpetration, CB justification, and cyberbystanders’ reaction at two measurement periods spaced 8 months apart. The results showed that cyberbystanders who assisted and/or reinforced the aggressor had higher scores for CB perpetration and justification than those who supported or defended the victim. Furthermore, cyberbystanders’ pro-aggressive behavior at Time 1 (T1) predicted an increase in CB perpetration and justification at Time 2 (T2), and T1 CB perpetration predicted an increase in T2 CB justification. These findings highlight the precursor role that acting as an assistant or reinforcer of the perpetrator may have on their own perpetration of future CB aggressions.
Componentes cardiovasculares y subjetivos del proceso de estrés: factores psicosociales
(Universidad de Deusto, 1990-01-29) Calvete Zumalde, Esther; Nicolas Martínez, Luis de; Facultad de Filosofía y Ciencias de la Educación
Esta investigación tiene por objetivo último el contribuir a la comprensión de los mecanismos que enlazan el proceso de estrés con la enfermedad cardiovascular. Esta meta puede concretarse en dos cuestiones básicas: -qué tipo de situaciones estresantes tienen más probabilidad de estar implicadas en los procesos patogénicos. - cómo identificar en etapas tempranas qué individuos son más susceptibles de desarrollar enfermedades cardiovasculares relacionadas con el estrés. Dicho de otra manera: ¿qué clase de gente y bajo qué clase de situaciones desarrolla desórdenes relacionados con el estrés?
Do testosterone and cortisol levels moderate aggressive responses to peer victimization in adolescents?
(2024-05) Calvete Zumalde, Esther; Orue Sola, Izaskun
Aggressive reactions to peer victimization may be tempered by hormone levels. Grounded on the dualhormone hypothesis (DHH), which proposes that testosterone (T) is associated with aggressive behavior only when cortisol (C) is low, this study assessed whether the combination of T and C moderated adolescents' aggressive responses to peer victimization. The study involved 577 adolescents (50.4% girls, aged 12-17 years), who completed measures of online and offline victimization and perpetration of aggressive behavior in three waves over the course of one year. Moreover, they provided salivary samples to measure T and C levels. Multilevel analyses showed a three-way interaction between T, C, and victimization levels for both online and offline aggressive behaviors. In both cases, the adolescents with high T and high C or low T and low C responded with more aggressive behaviors when victimized or provoked by peers. The T/C ratio was only associated with aggressive behavior in the girls' sample. The results are opposite to those predicted by the DHH, but they are consistent with the findings of other studies that examined aggressive behaviors as reactions to provocations. These results suggest that some combinations of T and C predict higher aggressive reactions to peer victimization.
Early maladaptive schemas and social information processing in child-to-parent aggression
(SAGE Publications Inc., 2021-08) Orue Sola, Izaskun; Calvete Zumalde, Esther; Fernández González, Liria
The purpose of this longitudinal study was to assess the relationship between early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and child-to-parent aggression (CPA) and to test whether social information processing (SIP) mediates this association. A total of 903 adolescents (50.9% girls) completed measures of EMSs at Time 1, SIP at Time 1 and Time 2 (1 year later), and CPA at Time 1, Time 2, and Time 3 (2 years later) to determine whether SIP measured at Time 2 mediated between the EMSs measured at Time 1 and CPA measured at Time 3. The results showed that each schema evaluated in this study had a different effect on SIP components and CPA. The SIP components of anger and aggressive response access in turn predicted CPA, mediating the relationship between two EMSs and CPA. More specifically, the schemas of defectiveness and the justification of violence predicted the response access component of SIP, which in turn predicted CPA. The results also showed bidirectional relationships between SIP components and CPA; whereas SIP components predicted CPA, the latter also predicted a worsening in SIP, perpetuating the problem. Furthermore, several gender differences were found in these paths. The findings indicate that intervention in the social-cognitive mechanisms is important to reduce adolescents’ aggression directed toward their parents.
A growth mindset intervention to promote resilience against online peer victimization: a randomized controlled trial
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022-10) Calvete Zumalde, Esther; Orue Sola, Izaskun; Echezarraga Porto, Ainara; Cortazar Enciondo, Nerea; Fernández González, Liria
Online peer victimized adolescents are at an increased risk of several behavioral and emotional problems. Most cyberbullying interventions have focused on reducing the frequency of online peer aggressions. Meanwhile, less attention has been given to building resilience in victims to reduce the impact of victimization on their mental health. This study tested the effects of an online growth mindset intervention aimed at building resilience in victims. Eight hundred and fifty-six adolescents (47.10% female) were randomly assigned to the resilience vs. educational control intervention. The adolescents completed measures of online peer victimization, behavioral and emotional problems (online peer aggressions, depression, social anxiety, eating problems, and non-suicidal self-injury), entity theory of personality beliefs, and attitudes toward defending the victims of online peer aggressions at pretest and at three and six months. The resilience intervention reduced the predictive association between online peer victimization and online peer aggression and social anxiety, and it increased the association between online peer victimization and attitude towards defending the victims. The resilience intervention also reduced the entity theory of personality beliefs in all adolescents. These results are promising given that the intervention lasted only approximately 40–45 min.
The interpersonal mindfulness in parenting scale: examining the reliability and validity in spanish parents
(Springer, 2023-02) Orue Sola, Izaskun; Larrucea Iruretagoyena, Maite; Royuela Colomer, Estíbaliz; Calvete Zumalde, Esther
Objectives: Mindful parenting is the extension of dispositional mindfulness to parent–child interactions. The Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting scale (IM-P) is a 31-item self-report measure to assess different dimensions of mindful parenting. Its psychometric properties have been evaluated in several countries. Two studies were conducted, and the principal aim was to assess the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the IM-P in two samples of Spanish parents. Method: In Study 1, 785 parents filled out this questionnaire and a dispositional mindfulness questionnaire. In Study 2, 859 parents responded to questions about mindful parenting and self-compassion. Results: The results of an exploratory factor analysis suggested a 5-factor structure in Study 1: nonjudgmental acceptance of parental functioning, compassion for the child, listening with full attention, self-regulation in parenting, and emotional awareness of the child. This 5-factor model was also evaluated through a confirmatory factor analysis in Study 2. The 5 factors showed good internal consistency and positive correlations with measures of dispositional mindfulness (Study 1) and self-compassion (Study 2). Conclusions: The Spanish version of the IM-P has demonstrated adequate psychometric properties in terms of reliability and validity in two samples of Spanish parents.
Moderating and mediating mechanisms of the association between endogenous testosterone and aggression in youth: a study protocol
(Public Library of Science, 2025-02) Calvete Zumalde, Esther; Cortazar Enciondo, Nerea; Orue Sola, Izaskun
Background The role of testosterone, particularly in combination with cortisol, in aggression remains debated. According to the general aggression model, hormones interact with other variables, such individuals’ knowledge structures, to predict aggression. This model may help explain inconsistent findings of previous research. Furthermore, the model posits that the influence of hormones on aggressive behavior is mediated by the individual’s internal state. Accordingly, the objectives of this study are to assess whether (1) testosterone and cortisol, alone and in interaction with aggression-related knowledge structures, predict aggression in a standardized laboratory paradigm and whether (2) this association is mediated by hostile attribution, anger, and arousal. By identifying key moderators and mediators, this study seeks to make a very novel contribution to the understanding of the role of testosterone in aggressive behavior. These objectives will also be assessed separately for males and females. Methods The Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm will be used to assess aggression. The sample will include 110 youths aged 17–19 (50% male). Participants will provide saliva samples before and after completing the paradigm, along with measures of three aggression-related knowledge structures (justification of violence, hostility, and narcissism) collected before the paradigm. Measures of two mediators (hostile attribution, anger) will be obtained after completing the paradigm. Arousal levels (heart rate and skin conductance) will be recorded before, after, and while completing the paradigm. The hypotheses will be tested using path analysis models, examining both the testosterone/cortisol ratio and the interaction between testosterone and cortisol as well as both baseline hormone levels and changes in hormone levels. Discussion Although it may be limited by the use of saliva for measuring hormones, this study will enhance the current understanding of the role of testosterone and cortisol in aggressive behavior among youths by investigating novel hypotheses related to psychological moderating and mediating factors.
Moderating factors of the association between being sexually solicited by adults and active online sexual behaviors in adolescents
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021-11) Calvete Zumalde, Esther; Fernández González, Liria; Royuela Colomer, Estíbaliz; Morea, Aida; Larrucea Iruretagoyena, Maite; Machimbarrena, Juan M.; González Cabrera, Joaquín; Orue Sola, Izaskun
Online sexual solicitation involves receiving sexual solicitations from adults, which can be followed by active online sexual behaviors by the victims. This study examined the moderator role of some characteristics of adolescents (sex, age, and problematic Internet use) that could make them more vulnerable to react by engaging in active sexual behaviors when they are the recipients of sexual solicitations. The final sample was comprised of 1260 adolescents (55.6% girls, 12–17 years) who completed measures in two waves with an interval of one year. The measures included online sexual solicitation, active sexual interaction with an adult, and sexting to friends and/or one's partner in both waves of the study. Sexual solicitations by adults predicted an increase in sexualized interactions with adults and sending sexts to friends and/or one's partner. Moderation tests indicated that, although girls receive more sexual solicitations, they are actively involved to a lesser extent than boys in sexualized interactions with adults and in sending sexts. The youngest adolescents received fewer sexual solicitations, but those who did receive sexual solicitations sent more sexts to friends and/or one's partner. Problematic Internet use, although associated with all online sexual risks, did not moderate the dynamics between risks.
Parents’ self-compassion as a moderator between children’s emotional regulation difficulties and parents’ depressive symptoms
(Springer, 2024-08) Larrucea Iruretagoyena, Maite; Orue Sola, Izaskun; Calvete Zumalde, Esther
Objectives: Recent studies suggest that children’s emotional difficulties may impact their parents’ psychological well-being, and certain protective factors could mitigate this association. The existing literature points to self-compassion as a potential protective factor against stress and difficulties. To this end, the present study aimed to explore the potential protective role of parents’ self-compassion in the prospective relationship between children’s emotional regulation difficulties and parents’ depressive symptoms. Method: The initial sample consisted of 214 children (53.3% girls; Mage = 12.71, SD = 1.37) and their parents: 209 mothers (Mage = 46.74 years, SD = 4.42) and 181 fathers (Mage = 48.85 years, SD = 5.42). The participants answered self-report questionnaires in a two-wave longitudinal study conducted over one year. A multilevel analysis was performed to examine the predictive pathways of parents’ depressive symptoms from children’s emotional regulation difficulties, parents’ self-compassion, and their interaction. Gender differences were addressed in the predictive associations. Results: Children’s emotional regulation difficulties predicted their parents’ depressive symptoms after one year, and this association was found to become attenuated as parents’ self-compassion increased. No significant gender differences were found for depressive symptoms or self-compassion, and parents’ gender did not moderate any of the longitudinal associations. Conclusion: Children’s emotional regulation difficulties may increase risk for parental depressive symptoms, but parental self-compassion mitigates this relationship. Preregistration: This study was not preregistered.
Psychopathic traits and moral disengagement interact to predict bullying and cyberbullying among adolescents
(SAGE Publications Inc., 2019-06) Orue Sola, Izaskun; Calvete Zumalde, Esther
The aim of this study was to test a model in which psychopathic traits (callous-unemotional, grandiose-manipulative, and impulsive-irresponsible) and moral disengagement individually and interactively predict two types of bullying (traditional and cyberbullying) in a community sample of adolescents. A total of 765 adolescents (464 girls and 301 boys) completed measures of moral disengagement and psychopathic traits at Time 1, and measures of bullying and cyberbullying at Time 1 and 1 year later, at Time 2. The results showed that callous-unemotional traits predicted both traditional bullying and cyberbullying, grandiose-manipulative and impulsive-irresponsible traits only predicted traditional bullying, and moral disengagement only predicted cyberbullying. Callous-Unemotional Traits × Moral Disengagement and Grandiose-Manipulative × Moral Disengagement were significantly correlated with the residual change in cyberbullying. Callous-unemotional traits were positively related to cyberbullying at high levels of moral disengagement but not when moral disengagement was low. In contrast, grandiose-manipulative traits were positively related to cyberbullying at low levels of moral disengagement but not when moral disengagement was high. These findings have implications for both prevention and intervention. Integrative approaches that promote moral growth are needed, including a deeper understanding of why bullying is morally wrong and ways to stimulate personality traits that counteract psychopathic traits.
The role of testosterone and cortisol levels in nonsuicidal selfinjury in adolescents
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024-12) Calvete Zumalde, Esther; Prieto Fidalgo, Ángel; Faura García, Juan; Orue Sola, Izaskun
Introduction: Nonsuicidal selfinjury (NSSI) is an important problem in adolescence, which is thought to serve several reinforcement functions (positive vs. negative, automatic vs. social). While the psychological mechanisms involved in NSSI are relatively well known, there is an important gap in the knowledge regarding the underlying biological mechanisms. This study examined the role of testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) in the frequency and reinforcement functions of NSSI. Methods: A total of 423 adolescents (age range = 13–17; 54.4% girls) from Basque Country (Spain) provided saliva samples to determine T and C levels and completed measures of NSSI 6 months later in 2017–2018. Results: The results showed that T but not C was significantly associated with higher NSSI frequency and the four types of NSSI functions. In addition, C moderated the predictive association between T and NSSI for automatic negative reinforcement, such that this association was significant only when C was high. Participant sex did not moderate any association between hormones and NSSI. Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that testosterone levels can affect NSSI behaviors in adolescence, thus helping to explain the increase in NSSI during this stage. Moreover, in situations in which NSSI serves to alleviate negative internal states, high levels of cortisol can be involved.
A Spanish adaptation of the mindfulness in parenting questionnaire
(Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos del Principado de Asturias, 2020) Orue Sola, Izaskun; Calvete Zumalde, Esther; Fernández González, Liria; Royuela Colomer, Estíbaliz; Cortazar Enciondo, Nerea; Gómez Odriozola, Joana
Background: The Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire (MIPQ) is a self-report instrument to measure how much parents practice mindful parenting. The main aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the MIPQ. Method: A total of 271 parents of adolescents completed the MIPQ along with questionnaires about their mindfulness trait, parenting style, and their children´s resilience and symptoms of depression. Their adolescent children completed questionnaires about their own depressive symptoms, their perception of their parents´ parenting style, and their perceived stress. Results: Factor analyses suggested a two-factor structure corresponding to Being in the Moment with the Child and Mindful Discipline. Moreover, the MIPQ showed good internal consistency and was related to parent´s dispositional mindfulness and positive parenting as well as to adolescents’ resilience and (negatively) to their depressive symptoms. Conclusion: The Spanish version of the MIPQ exhibits good psychometric properties and is an easily applicable test for the assessment of mindful parenting.

Examinando por Autor "Calvete Zumalde, Esther"

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