Examinando por Autor "Iruarrizaga, Itziar"
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Ítem Alcohol abuse and physical violence towards a partner: how can we attenuate the relationship?: a study on emotional dysregulation in adolescents(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024-10) Peñacoba Puente, Cecilia; Balandin, Alejandro; Estévez Gutiérrez, Ana; Olave, Leticia; Momeñe López, Janire; Chávez Vera, María Dolores; Muñiz Casado, José Antonio; Iruarrizaga, ItziarBackground: The previous literature has revealed the relationship between alcohol abuse and violent behaviours; however, the results are not always conclusive, highlighting the need to explore other variables that allow us to establish risk profiles. Aim: The goal is to examine whether the relation between alcohol abuse and physical violence towards a partner can be influenced (moderate) by difficulties in emotional regulation. Setting: A public high school in Manabí (Ecuador). Participants: A total of 1519 high school students with ages between 14 and 18 years (mean = 15.77, SD = 1.22), with 54% (n = 820) being male. Main Outcome Measures: The measures we observed were alcohol abuse (i.e., frequency of alcohol abuse in the past 30 days), physical violence exercised towards a partner (Violence Received, Exercised and Perceived in Dating Relationships of Young People and Adolescents) and emotional dysregulation (Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale; DERS). Results: It is observed that there exists significantly higher alcohol abuse in males, regardless of their age, as well as more physical violence by adolescent males towards their partners. Direct effects of alcohol abuse on physical intimate partner violence are observed in males from the age of 16 and in females from the age of 14. Moreover, the direct effects of different emotional dysregulation strategies on physical violence depend on gender. Conclusion: The moderating effects of emotional dysregulation strategies between alcohol abuse and physical intimate partner violence are observed only in the case of adolescent females (16–17 years). In particular, emotional dysregulation variables such as non-awareness, impulse, nonacceptance, or lack of strategies interfere as moderators in the relationship between excessive alcohol abuse and physical violence towards a partner. In the case of non-awareness, contrary to the other three, when scores are low or moderate, a statistically significant relationship between alcohol abuse and violence is observed.Ítem Buying-shopping disorder, impulsivity, emotional dependence and attachment in adolescents(Springer, 2024-01) Etxaburu Azpeitia, Nerea; Momeñe López, Janire; Herrero Lázaro, Marta; Chávez Vera, María Dolores; Olave, Leticia; Iruarrizaga, Itziar; Estévez Gutiérrez, AnaIn recent years, several studies have shown that the incidence of buying-shopping disorder (BSD) is increasing. Impulsivity is one of the factors involved in its aetiology and is related to emotional dependence. In addition, early affective deprivation may trigger emotional dependence. The aims of the present study weresal: to compare the types of attachment, levels of emotional dependence, impulsivity and BSD according to sex; to determine whether the proposed relational model is fulfilled; and analyse possible differences in this model in terms of the sample’s sex. The sample consisted of 1498 adolescents (53.8% men and 46.2% women) from Ecuador whose age ranged from 14 to 18 years (M = 15.77, SD = 1.21). The results showed that a preoccupied attachment style is indirectly related to a higher risk of BSD due to emotional dependence when impulsivity levels are medium or high because emotional dependence is moderated by impulsivity. The study variables are related in the same way in men and women but boys show higher levels of preoccupied attachment, impulsivity, emotional dependence and BSD. This study gives us a clearer picture of how these variables are related and provides information that could be of great use in assisting people with BSD. This knowledge could be applied to improve both the treatment and prevention of this problemÍtem Childhood trauma and body dissatisfaction among young adult women: the mediating role of self-criticism(Springer, 2023-10) Momeñe López, Janire; Estévez Gutiérrez, Ana; Griffiths, Mark D. ; Macía Guerrero, Patricia; Herrero Lázaro, Marta; Olave, Leticia; Iruarrizaga, ItziarThe present study examined the relationship between childhood trauma and body dissatisfaction among young women. The mechanisms through which childhood trauma are related to body dissatisfaction have not been sufficiently examined previously. The aims of the present study were to analyze the (i) relationships between childhood trauma, self-criticism, and body dissatisfaction and (ii) mediating role of self-criticism in the relationship between childhood trauma and body dissatisfaction. A total of 754 young adult women aged 18 to 30 years participated (M = 20.49 years; SD = 2.28). The findings showed positive correlations between childhood trauma, self-criticism, and body dissatisfaction. The mediation model indicated that (i) greater childhood trauma was associated with greater self-criticism, and (ii) greater self-criticism was significantly associated with greater body dissatisfaction. Therefore, childhood trauma was indirectly associated with increased body dissatisfaction and explained by the positive relationship with increased self-criticism. These results highlight the importance of childhood trauma in body dissatisfaction among young adult women and demonstrates self-criticism coping style as a key factor in this relationship. Early detection of self-criticism-based coping styles and childhood trauma could improve (i) quality of life and prevent the onset of body dissatisfaction, and (ii) treatment planning and prevent body dissatisfaction from escalating into major problems (e.g., eating disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, morbid exercise and/or depressive symptomatology)Ítem La dependencia emocional como factor mediador en la relación entre el apego y el uso de redes sociales en jóvenes(Sociedad Chilena de Psicología Clínica, 2024) Barbarias, Olatz; Jáuregui Bilbao, Paula; Etxaburu Azpeitia, Nerea; Iruarrizaga, Itziar; Olave, Leticia; Estévez Gutiérrez, Ana; Muñiz Casado, José AntonioAntecedentes: El uso de las redes sociales se ha desarrollado rápidamente y su uso en los últimos años está aumentado progresivamente, modificado nuestros hábitos y el modo de interacción y comunicación. El uso problemático de redes sociales ha sido relacionado positivamente con otras conductas adictivas, siendo especialmente significativa la dependencia emocional, al tiempo que ésta tiene relación con el apego recibido en la infancia. Objetivos: 1) conocer la correlación entre el apego, el uso de redes sociales y la dependencia emocional, 2) estudiar el rol predictivo de la dependencia emocional y el apego sobre el uso de redes sociales, 3) analizar el papel de la dependencia emocional en la relación entre el apego y el uso de redes sociales en jóvenes, y 4) valorar si existen diferencias de sexo. Método: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 713 participantes (132 hombres y 581 mujeres) de entre 18 y 35 años de edad (M=21.27; SD: 3.34). Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que el estilo de apego y la dependencia emocional predicen el uso de redes sociales. Además, la dependencia emocional media en la relación entre el apego y el uso de redes sociales. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio son novedosos y aportan valor clínico.Ítem Eating disorders and intimate partner violence: the influence of fear of loneliness and social withdrawal(MDPI, 2022-06-24) Momeñe López, Janire ; Estévez Gutiérrez, Ana ; Griffiths, Mark D. ; Macía Guerrero, Patricia; Herrero Lázaro, Marta; Olave, Leticia; Iruarrizaga, ItziarEating disorders are vulnerability factors that increase the likelihood of intimate partner violence. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. Although eating disorders have been associated with increased perception and fear of loneliness, they have also been associated with increased social withdrawal resulting from decreased enjoyment of social situations and poorer social functioning. The purpose of the present study was to examine the mediating role of fear of loneliness in the relationship between the behavioural characteristics of eating disorders and intimate partner violence, as well as to explore the moderating role of social withdrawal in the relationship between fear of loneliness and intimate partner violence. The sample comprised 683 participants (78% female and 22% male) with a mean age of 21.14 years (SD = 2.72). The psychometric scales used were Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI 2), Emotional Dependency Questionnaire (EDQ), Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI) and the Violence Received, Exercised and Perceived in Youth and Adolescent Dating Relationships Scale (VREPS). The hypothesised model was tested by path analysis using maximum likelihood. The path analysis of the hypothesised model showed that inefficacy, fear of maturity, and impulsivity were the behavioural characteristics of eating disorders predominantly related to fear of loneliness. Fear of loneliness had no direct significant effect on any of the received violence variables. However, interaction effects indicated that there was a moderately significant effect of fear of loneliness on physical, psychological, and social violence received as a function of levels of social withdrawal. These findings show the need to take into account and work on fear of loneliness and social withdrawal among individuals with an eating disorder to decrease the likelihood of establishing violent intimate partner relationships. Improving interpersonal functioning and social support is key to recovery from eating disorders.Ítem Exercise addiction and intimate partner violence: the role of impulsivity, self-esteem, and emotional dependence(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024-05) Olave, Leticia; Iruarrizaga, Itziar; Herrero Lázaro, Marta; Macía Guerrero, Patricia; Momeñe López, Janire; Macía Guerrero, Laura; Muñiz Casado, José Antonio; Estévez Gutiérrez, AnaGiven the scarcity of studies linking exercise addiction to intimate partner violence, the present study aims to analyze the relationship between these variables and examine the potential mediating roles of emotional dependence, impulsivity, and self-esteem. This is a non-experimental, cross-sectional correlational design study. The sample comprised 887 university students (86% women, mean age 20.82 years, SD = 3.63). Elevated levels of exercise addiction were associated with increased impulsivity, emotional dependence, and exerted violence, as well as decreased self-esteem and perceived violence. Mediation models were tested, explaining 7% of the variance in received violence, 13% of the variance in exerted violence, and 6% of the variance in perceived violence. Higher levels of exercise addiction were linked to increased received and exerted violence and decreased perceived violence, attributed to the positive impact of exercise addiction on emotional dependence. This study highlights the mediating roles of self-esteem and impulsivity in the relationship between exercise addiction and partner violence. Identifying risk or vulnerability factors such as emotional dependence, impulsivity, and self-esteem related to exercise addiction and interpersonal partner violence is especially relevant for designing and implementing preventive interventions in the general young population.Ítem Exercise addiction and muscle dysmorphia: the role of emotional dependence and attachment(Frontiers Media S.A., 2021-06-18) Olave, Leticia; Estévez Gutiérrez, Ana; Momeñe López, Janire; Muñoz Navarro, Roger; Gómez Romero, María José; Boticario Galavís, María Jesús; Iruarrizaga, ItziarBoth exercise addiction (EA) and muscle dysmorphia (MD) primarily involve the compulsive practice of physical exercise and are classified as behavioral addictions in different lines of research. These types of addictions are frequently comorbid with other addictive pathologies, such as emotional dependence (ED), which is closely related to childhood attachment. This study is presented to address the scarcity of research relating EA and MD with other behavioral addictions. The aims are to analyze the sex differences found in emotional dependence, attachment dimensions, EA and MD; to analyze the association between EA and MD and other behavioral addictions, such as emotional dependence and attachment dimensions; and to analyze the possible role that childhood attachment plays in mediating the interaction between emotional dependence and EA and MD. Method: The sample comprised 366 participants (54.6% women) aged 17–31 (M = 23.53; SD = 6.48). Results: There are sex differences, with men scoring higher in EA, MD, and ED. The positive relationship between EA and ED (values between 0.16 and 0.28), MD (presenting values between 0.42 and 0.70), and attachment styles based on preoccupation, interference, permissiveness, and value of parental authority (values between 0.11 and 0.14) is highlighted. On the other hand, MD was positively related to ED (values ranging from 0.24 to 0.36) and attachment styles based on the value of parental authority, self-sufficiency, and resentment toward parents (between 0.17 and 0.18), and negatively related to secure attachment (values between −0.13 and −0.18). Likewise, the predictive role of ED and attachment styles in EA and MD was tested. And it was observed how attachment styles mediated the relationship between EA and ED, as well as the relationship between MD and ED. Thus, it has been shown that people with EA and MD present attachment styles that may influence negatively the decision-making process when choosing inappropriate strategies to achieve adequate emotional regulation, even selecting inappropriate goals for physical exercise with negative consequences. Conclusions: The dissemination of the findings among mental health and sports science professionals is necessary to develop prevention and intervention strategies for people affected by EA and MDÍtem Exploring exercise addiction, self-esteem, and early maladaptive schemas: a cross-sectional study among female university students(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025-02) Olave, Leticia; Iruarrizaga, Itziar; Macía Guerrero, Patricia; Momeñe López, Janire; Estévez Gutiérrez, Ana; Muñiz Casado, José Antonio; Peñacoba Puente, CeciliaBackground/Objectives: Although physical exercise provides numerous health benefits, it can occasionally become addictive, leading to negative consequences for physical and mental health. Specifically, the role of maladaptive schemas in the relationship between exercise addiction and self-esteem underscores the importance of addressing these cognitive patterns in therapeutic settings to develop practical interventions that enhance exercise with healthier self-perceptions. This study aims to analyze the role of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between exercise addiction and self-esteem. Methods: The design of this study is non-experimental, correlational, and cross-sectional. The sample comprised 788 university women students (mean age 20.39 years, SD = 2.28). Results: Exercise addiction is negatively associated with self-esteem and shows positive but weak correlations with most early maladaptive schemas, except for Impaired Autonomy. A mediating effect was identified for Disconnection and Rejection (β = −0.08, p = 0.008), Impaired Limits (β = −0.03, p = 0.019), Other Directedness (β = −0.04, p = 0.032), and Over-Vigilance and Inhibition (β = −0.05, p < 0.001). Full mediation was observed for Disconnection and Rejection and Over-Vigilance and Inhibition, while Impaired Limits and Other Directedness showed partial mediation. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the decrease in self-esteem among individuals with exercise addiction could be explained by the activation of maladaptive schemas that influence exercise motivation, with Over-Vigilance and Inhibition standing out in particular. Furthermore, it is necessary to develop cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)-based interventions focused on modifying early maladaptive schemas and strengthening self-esteem. Additionally, it would be advisable to implement educational programs in university and sports settings that promote well-being and enjoyment over the pursuit of external validation or obsession with body image. These strategies could help prevent exercise addiction and mitigate its negative effects on self-esteemÍtem The impact of insecure attachment on emotional dependence on a partner: the mediating role of negative emotional rejection(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024-10) Momeñe López, Janire; Estévez Gutiérrez, Ana; Griffiths, Mark D.; Macía Guerrero, Patricia; Herrero Lázaro, Marta; Olave, Leticia ; Iruarrizaga, ItziarPrevious evidence has demonstrated a relationship between insecure attachment and the development of emotional dependence towards an individual’s partner. However, the possibility that this relationship may be indirect and mediated by individual factors such as difficulties in emotional regulation has not previously been explored. Consequently, the objectives of the present study were to analyze the (i) differences in emotional dependence on an individual’s partner and difficulties in emotional regulation capacity according to secure, preoccupied or dismissing attachment style and (ii) mediating role of difficulties in emotional regulation in the relationship between both insecure attachment styles and emotional dependence on an individual’s partner. The sample comprised 741 participants ranging in age from 18 to 30 years (M = 21.32, SD = 2.93). The mediations were tested with linear regressions with the macro PROCESS v4.0. The results showed that emotional dependence on a partner and difficulties in emotional regulation were greater among individuals who had developed a dismissing attachment compared those with secure or preoccupied attachment. Likewise, the mediation model confirmed the mediating role of difficulties in the capacity for emotional regulation in the relationship between dismissing attachment and emotional dependence, with rejection of negative or discomfort-generating emotions predominating. The findings provide preliminary evidence that rejection of negative emotional experiences may play an important role in the relationship between insecure dismissing attachment style and emotional dependence on an individual’s partner. Consequently, it is recommended that emotional dependence intervention programs include of the management of intolerance to negative emotions.Ítem Longitudinal changes in gambling, buying and materialism in adolescents: a population-based study(MDPI AG, 2021-03-10) Estévez Gutiérrez, Ana; Jáuregui Bilbao, Paula; Momeñe López, Janire ; Macía Guerrero, Laura; López González, Hibai; Iruarrizaga, Itziar ; Riquelme Ortiz, Conchi; Granero, Roser; Fernández Aranda, Fernando ; Vintró Alcaraz, Cristina; Mestre, Gemma; Munguía, Lucero ; Solé Morata, Neus; Jiménez Murcia, SusanaGambling disorder, gambling-related cognitive biases, compulsive buying, and materialistic values lead to impaired functioning in important areas of life. The aims of the present longitudinal study are (1) to evaluate the change produced after one year in those mentioned variables and (2) to examine the gender role in these changes and to analyze the mediational mechanisms among the variables of the study. The sample was composed of 182 adolescents (103 females and 79 males) from secondary education Spanish institutions who completed self-administered questionnaires. Structural equation modeling has been used to explore associations between the different variables. Our results show significant decreases in compulsive buying, materialism, and cognitive biases related to gambling after one year. Gambling disorder severity was directly related to cognitive distortions of gambling and being a man. Compulsive buying was associated with older age and the female gender. Materialism was associated with compulsive buying and the male gender. In conclusion, gambling disorder, gambling-related cognitive biases, compulsive buying, and materialistic values change over time in different ways, according to gender. The understanding of gambling disorder and compulsive buying in adolescents could potentially lead to early prevention and treatment programs for the specific needs of gender and ageÍtem The mediating effect of coping strategies and emotion regulation in the relationship between impulsivity, metacognition, and eating disorders(2024-06) Estévez Gutiérrez, Ana; Momeñe López, Janire; Macía Guerrero, Laura; Iruarrizaga, Itziar; Olave, Leticia; Aonso Diego, GemaBACKGROUND: Risk factors for eating disorders are multifaceted and complex, so it is crucial to elucidate the role of executive functions, including impulsivity and metacognition, and coping strategies in the severity of eating behaviors. The study aims were threefold: (1) to analyze gender differences in impulsivity, metacognition, coping strategies, emotion regulation, and eating disorders; (2) to examine the correlation between the study variables; and (3) to test the mediating role of coping and emotion-regulation strategies in the relationship between metacognition, impulsivity, and eating disorders. METHODS: A total of 1076 participants (Mage = 21.78, SD = 5.10; 77.7% women) completed a set of questionnaires. Two mediation analyses were conducted to test the mediating role of coping strategies, including emotion regulation, in the relationship between executive functions (i.e., impulsivity and metacognition) and eating disorders. RESULTS: Women displayed higher coping strategies, specifically emotional expression, wishful thinking, and social support, whereas men presented greater social withdrawal. Mediational analyses showed a significant association between impulsivity, metacognition, and eating disorders, whose relationship was partially mediated by coping strategies and mainly by emotion regulation. CONCLUSION: Interventions based on coping strategies and emotion regulation could be a feasible and effective option to deal with eating disorders among the young population.Ítem Regulación emocional, esquemas inadaptados tempranos, dependencia emocional e impulsividad en adolescentes que consumen cocaína(Asociación Española de Estudio en Drogodependencias, AESED, 2025-03-31) Muñiz Casado, José Antonio; Olave, Leticia; Aonso Diego, Gema; Estévez Gutiérrez, Ana; Macía Guerrero, Patricia; Momeñe López, Janire; Chávez Vera, María Dolores; Peñacoba Puente, Cecilia; Iruarrizaga, ItziarEl objetivo de la presente investigación es estudiar las relaciones entre el consumo de cocaína en adolescentes, y la regulación emocional, los esquemas inadaptados tempranos, la dependencia emocional y la impulsividad. Se lleva a cabo un estudio de diseño no experimental y correlacional de corte transversal en una muestra que está compuesta por 1.533 adolescentes escolarizados de ambos se xos, siendo el 53.9% hombres (n= 826) y el 46.1% mujeres (n= 707), con edades com prendidas entre los 14 y 18 años (M= 15.76, DT= 1.25) pertenecientes a doce Unidades Educativas Fiscales del Cantón Portoviejo de la Provincia de Manabí de la República de Ecuador. Los instrumentos de evaluación empleados han sido: MULTICAGE CAD 4 (Pedrero Pérez et al., 2007), Escala de dificultades en la regulación emocional-DERS (Gratz y Romer, 2004; adaptación española realizada por Gómez-Simón et al., 2014), Cuestionario de esquemas, forma reducida-SQ-SF (Young y Brown, 1994; adaptación española realizada por Cid y Torrubia, 2002), la Escala de dependencia emocional en el noviazgo de jóvenes y adolescentes-DEN (Urbiola et al., 2014), la Escala de Impulsividad de BARRATT BIS 11 (Oquendo et al., 2001) y la Encuesta Es tatal sobre Uso de Drogas en Estudiantes de Enseñanzas Secundarias -ESTUDES (Plan Na cional sobre Drogas, 2012). Los resultados de este estudio aportan evidencias sobre las relaciones existentes entre las dificultades en la regulación emocional, los esquemas inadaptados tempranos, la dependencia emocional y la impulsividad con el consumo experimental y regular de cocaína en adolescentes. Se han encontrado diferencias entre hombres y mujeres según la frecuencia del consumo de cocaína en el último mes. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados y se plantean retos para futuras investigaciones.Ítem Substance use and its relationship with attachment and early maladaptive schemes in adolescents in Ecuador(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024-09) Olave, Leticia; Momeñe López, Janire; Macía Guerrero, Laura; Macía Guerrero, Patricia; Chávez Vera, María Dolores; Herrero Lázaro, Marta; Estévez Gutiérrez, Ana; Iruarrizaga, ItziarGiven the scarcity of studies addressing substance consumption and its relationship with attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas in adolescents, the present study is proposed. Aims of this study are to analyze the relationship among attachment styles, early maladaptive schemas, and substance use; test the predictive role of attachment styles on substance use; and observe the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between attachment and substance use. The sample consisted of 1533 adolescents from Ecuador (53.9% males) aged between 14 and 18 years (M = 15.76; SD = 1.25). The attachment styles of security, value to parental authority, parental permissiveness, parental interference, self-sufficiency and resentment against parents, childhood trauma, and family concern predict substance use (tobacco, alcohol, tranquilizers/sedatives or sleeping pills, hashish or marijuana, cocaine, GHB or liquid ecstasy, ecstasy, amphetamines/speed, hallucinogens, heroin, inhalants/volatiles), and the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas is confirmed (explained variance up to 33.33%). Identifying risk or vulnerability factors, such as attachment and early maladaptive schemas related to substance consumption, is especially relevant for designing and implementing preventive interventions in the adolescent population.