Bermejo Fernández, UnaiAlmeida, AitorBilbao Jayo, AritzAzkune, Gorka2024-11-072024-11-072021-12-15Bermejo, U., Almeida, A., Bilbao-Jayo, A., & Azkune, G. (2021). Embedding-based real-time change point detection with application to activity segmentation in smart home time series data. Expert Systems with Applications, 185. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESWA.2021.1156410957-417410.1016/J.ESWA.2021.115641http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14454/1689Human activity recognition systems are essential to enable many assistive applications. Those systems can be sensor-based or vision-based. When sensor-based systems are deployed in real environments, they must segment sensor data streams on the fly in order to extract features and recognize the ongoing activities. This segmentation can be done with different approaches. One effective approach is to employ change point detection (CPD) algorithms to detect activity transitions (i.e. determine when activities start and end). In this paper, we present a novel real-time CPD method to perform activity segmentation, where neural embeddings (vectors of continuous numbers) are used to represent sensor events. Through empirical evaluation with 3 publicly available benchmark datasets, we conclude that our method is useful for segmenting sensor data, offering significant better performance than state of the art algorithms in two of them. Besides, we propose the use of retrofitting, a graph-based technique, to adjust the embeddings and introduce expert knowledge in the activity segmentation task, showing empirically that it can improve the performance of our method using three graphs generated from two sources of information. Finally, we discuss the advantages of our approach regarding computational cost, manual effort reduction (no need of hand-crafted features) and cross-environment possibilities (transfer learning) in comparison to others.eng© 2021 The AuthorsActivity transition detectionChange point detectionActivity segmentationSmart homesAction embeddingsSensor embeddingsjournal article2024-11-07