Baccouche, AsmaGarcía-Zapirain, BegoñaCastillo Olea, CristianElmaghraby, Adel Said2024-11-142024-11-142021-12Baccouche, A., Garcia-Zapirain, B., Castillo Olea, C., & Elmaghraby, A. S. (2021). Connected-UNets: a deep learning architecture for breast mass segmentation. npj Breast Cancer, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/S41523-021-00358-X2374-467710.1038/S41523-021-00358-Xhttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14454/1861Breast cancer analysis implies that radiologists inspect mammograms to detect suspicious breast lesions and identify mass tumors. Artificial intelligence techniques offer automatic systems for breast mass segmentation to assist radiologists in their diagnosis. With the rapid development of deep learning and its application to medical imaging challenges, UNet and its variations is one of the state-of-the-art models for medical image segmentation that showed promising performance on mammography. In this paper, we propose an architecture, called Connected-UNets, which connects two UNets using additional modified skip connections. We integrate Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) in the two standard UNets to emphasize the contextual information within the encoder–decoder network architecture. We also apply the proposed architecture on the Attention UNet (AUNet) and the Residual UNet (ResUNet). We evaluated the proposed architectures on two publically available datasets, the Curated Breast Imaging Subset of Digital Database for Screening Mammography (CBIS-DDSM) and INbreast, and additionally on a private dataset. Experiments were also conducted using additional synthetic data using the cycle-consistent Generative Adversarial Network (CycleGAN) model between two unpaired datasets to augment and enhance the images. Qualitative and quantitative results show that the proposed architecture can achieve better automatic mass segmentation with a high Dice score of 89.52%, 95.28%, and 95.88% and Intersection over Union (IoU) score of 80.02%, 91.03%, and 92.27%, respectively, on CBIS-DDSM, INbreast, and the private dataset.engjournal article2024-11-14